Determinants and Consequences of Early Marriage in Java Essay Example for Free

Determinants and Consequences of Early Marriage in Java Essay This investigation examines the determinants and examples of early marriage and investigates its results on conjugal disintegration, work status and occupation, relocation, and prophylactic use in Java, Indonesia. Information from the 1991 Demographic and Health Survey are gotten on 5816 at any point wedded ladies, 15-49 years of age, living on Java. Early marriage happens among ladies before age 20. Subjects are assembled as living in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Jogyakarta, and Surabaya; living in townships and other urban zones; and living in country regions. Discoveries demonstrate that 70% of ever hitched ladies in Java wedded early. Practically 80% of ladies who were raised in towns wedded early. 81.2% who despite everything live in rustic regions wedded early. 20% had no conventional training. 74% of Muslim ladies wedded early. 79% without work before marriage wedded early. Disintegration was progressively normal among ladies living in country zones. 31% of ladies in provincial territories, 20% living in huge urban areas, and 23% living in towns were no longer in their first relationships. Ladies who wedded early were multiple times bound to encounter disintegration than ladies who wedded later. The level of ladies whose first relationships finished was most noteworthy among ladies who were hitched the longest. The impact of marriage age on current working status and the example of working status among ahead of schedule and late marriage were not critical. 80% had ever utilized contraception. Ladies who wedded late were increasingly portable and were bound to have a higher word related status. Strategic discoveries demonstrate that womens training, work status before marriage, spouses instruction, and current living arrangement were huge indicators of early marriage. Training was the most grounded indicator. The likelihood of disintegration was most elevated among uneducated, early wedded, Muslim ladies living in large urban areas. The most reduced likelihood was among later hitched ladies, living in little urban communities, and with a tertiary degree of training.

alturism Essay Example For Students

alturism Essay Unselfishness is utilized in conversations of morals as an option in contrast to moral pride: the conviction that individuals should be narrow minded. Selflessness drives us to locate a center ground between being simply self intrigued and committing our whole lives to the gathering. We discover that its not desirable over be excessively self intrigued, yet can be destructive to commit all your vitality to others. Excessively much personal circumstance can be as unsafe as a lot of righteousness towards others. As a moral egomaniac, what you may gain from unselfishness is; there are sure circumstances where it could pay not to act naturally intrigued. A genuine model would be a few people stuck on a remote location. In the event that everybody left bound for their different endurance, morose just a couple would live long. In the event that the individuals joined together, shared the work and supplies, without a doubt most or all would endure longer.This shows that there are circumstan ces you can deal with better when you decided to be in a gathering, at that point all alone. All in all I figure any individual ought to deliberately consider before choosing to act to their greatest advantage or represent a gathering that they are part in. Individuals should attempt to consider what may be increasingly gainful for them in the long haul just as right away. On the off chance that the most exceedingly awful is valid; and people are simply egotistical creatures, what individuals ought to do is substitute a little benevolent way of thinking in their reasoning. This would help fuse each self intrigued individual into a gathering that capacities better than any individuals could separately. It would presumably help extend the accessible decisions for individuals who feel they can't settle on a choice. I figure it can likewise lead the world in a progressively open minded course.

School Physical Plant Management Free Essays

School Physical Plant Management What do you comprehend with the term school plant? The school plant is the totality of everything that make up an educational system. It includes the physical and material offices in type of structures, school site and the condition that epitomize the school. In addition, a school plants incorporate the site, the structure and hardware and this incorporate the changeless structures like workshop, libraries, homerooms, research centers and semi perpetual structures like the instructive framework itself. We will compose a custom exposition test on School Physical Plant Management or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The school offices comprise of a wide range of structures for scholastic and non-scholarly exercises, gear for scholarly and non-scholastic exercises, zones for sports and games, scene, homesteads and gardens including trees, streets and ways. Others incorporate furnishings and latrine offices, lighting, acoustics, storerooms and pressing part, security, transportation, ICT, cleaning materials, food administrations, and uncommon offices for the genuinely tested people. Depict the 2 significant elements of school plant? An Environment to Facilitate Learning The basic role of the educating and learning process is to realize in the student attractive change in conduct through basic reasoning. This procedure doesn't occur in a vacuum yet rather in a situation organized to encourage learning. Henceforth, this condition of an association as all components pertinent to its activity and they incorporate immediate and aberrant activity components. School offices, establish the significant segments of both immediate and circuitous activity components in nature of learning. Highlight Article â€Â Country School †Allen Curnow These offices assume crucial job in the realization of the instructive objectives and targets by fulfilling the physical and passionate needs of the staff and understudies of the school. Knezevich (1975, p. 563) underlined that the physical needs are met through arrangement of safe structure, satisfactory clean offices, a decent visual condition, proper warm condition, and adequate safe house space for his work and play. His passionate needs are met by making charming encompassing, a neighborly climate, and a moving situation. The instructive framework has experienced enormous changes as its way of thinking, widened objectives and goals, new ways to deal with administration conveyance and engineering plan, quantum jump in school enrolment, variety of educational programs projects and extra-educational plans exercises, presentation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and extended scholarly help administrations, for example, direction administrations to understudies, educators and the network, combination of the school and network. 3. In what ways does instructional program impact the idea of school plant? Schools exist to educate and learning. Human and material assets are conveyed for this reason. School offices are the material assets accommodated staff and understudies to enhance their efficiency in the educating and learning process. The acknowledgment that the exchange of information doesn't just happen in the four dividers of the study hall from the educator to the understudies but instead that learning happens through disclosure, investigation, connection with the inner and outer condition has required the imaginative and creative advancement of instructing and learning offices that mirror these changes. Schools exist to serve financial and political necessities of the ever-evolving society, thus, they are in steady communication with their outer condition. They get contributions from the outside condition as human and material assets, forms them and void same into the general public as completed items and administrations. The nature of the items bears an immediate relationship with the nature of the offices sent during the time spent the creation. This requests cutting edge offices are given in schools to get ready school leavers for life in the worldwide town. A few investigations have indicated that a cozy relationship exists between the physical condition and the scholarly exhibition of understudies. Nwagwu (1978) and Ogunsaju (1980) kept up that the nature of training that kids get bears direct pertinence to the accessibility or deficiency in that department of physical offices and by and large environment in which learning happens. For instance, look into discoveries have indicated that understudies learn better when a mix of techniques and materials are utilized during instructing. Besides, accentuation has moved towards concentrating on understudies as against showing enormous classes which assumes that all understudies in a class can learn at a similar pace. The ramifications of the prior is that in structuring school plant, arrangement ought to be made for individual and little gathering association and for enormous gatherings for scholarly and social exercises. Step by step instructions to refer to School Physical Plant Management, Essay models

Passing: Black People and Hold Clare Essay

The tale â€Å"Passing† was written in 1929 and get one of the most acclaimed books of Nella Larsen. Like different books which were additionally expounded on â€Å"passing†, â€Å"Passing† of Nella Larsen mirrors the intense existence of African-American in the nineteenth century, when they were battling with prejudice to have the equivalent rights. Clare Kendry and Irene Redfield in â€Å"Passing† both were conceived Negroes yet with fair complexion so they could be â€Å"passing†. Be that as it may, these two ladies have various options throughout their life, which lead to the catastrophe when they meet each other following twelve years. The epic finishes with Clare’s demise without uncovering to the perusers who executes her, which urges the perusers to think about the questionable finish of â€Å"Passing† by consistently deciphering proof all through of the novel. By that way, Nella Larsen may need her perusers to be receptive to see how individuals become the casualty of disparity and social limitation in term of race and sexual orientation. Closure her novel in vulnerability, Nella Larsen intrigues her perusers about who is liable for Clare’s demise. The two potential things may happen are whether Clare ends it all or Irene pushes her out of the window. Clare has her motivations to end it all since her significant other discovers that she was brought into the world a Negro. For him, all Negroes are â€Å"black scrimy devils† and â€Å"always looting and executing people† (70). These biases exist in Jack’s mind as well as among many white individuals. These brutal preferences and segregation had compromised Clare’s marriage for quite a while before her passing. Clare may be constantly prepared for the day that reality with regards to her race would take everything from her. When Irene solicited her whether she thought from how she could do if her significant other gets some answers concerning her race, she just said yes with a grin. What's more, right now Clare remains close to the window, â€Å"she appeared to be unconscious of peril or coldblooded. There was even a swoon bless her full, red lips, and in her sparkling eyes† (209). When Clare faces a challenge by joining the Negroes people group, she may get ready for that day, for her demise. Be that as it may, there are additionally confirms for the likelihood that Irene executes Clare. To start with, she has the inspiration. In Irene’s mind, Clare is one who â€Å"not just that she needed to have it both ways, yet that she needed to snack at the cakes of other people as well† (88). Before observing Clare, Irene’s life props up on under her influence: a family with a specialist spouse and two children, living in Negroes community†¦ But Clare comes and raises the dread inside Irene that Clare and Brian, Irene’s husband, may engage in extramarital relations. In spite of the fact that Irene doesn’t have any reasonable evidences for what she think, yet she can feel it through the changing in disposition of Brian: â€Å"For a moment, Irene dithered, at that point turned her head, however she comprehended what it was the held Hugh’s look. Clare, who had abruptly blurred every one of her days. Brian, the dad of Ted and Junior†¦then she saw him grin, and the grin made his face all excited, and sparkling. †(169-170). Also, the perusers can understand how the nearness of Clare makes Irene endures: â€Å"It hurt. It hurt like hell†¦She was sick of Clare Kendry. She needed to be liberated from her. †(174-179). The perusers likewise has motivation to presume Irene since she as of now consider how to dispose of Clare before Clare’s demise: â€Å"If Clare ought to die†¦To figure, indeed, to wish that†¦the thought remained with her. She was unable to dispose of it†(187). In the gathering, before Clare drops out from the window, Irene is the person who open it in spite of the cold outside. The picture of Irene â€Å"watching the small flash drop gradually to the white ground† makes the perusers identifies with the tumbling down of Clare after that (207). Right now that Clare remains at the window, Irene â€Å"laid a hand on Clare’s uncovered arm. One idea had her. She couldn’t have Clare Kendry thrown away by Bellew. She couldn’t have her free†(209). What's more, watching Clare drops out from the window, â€Å"Irene wasn’t sorry. She was amazed†(210). Irene’s thought and disposition towards Clare right now she drops out from the window demonstrated that Irene, regardless of whether answerable for Clare’s passing or not, needs Clare to kick the bucket. Along these lines, the perusers can speculate that Irene is the person who push Clare out of the window, prompting Clare’s passing. In spite of numerous signs support for the likelihood that Irene murders Clare, the creator doesn’t need a conspicuous end for her novel. She continues examining her perusers concerning the amount they could believe what they see. All through the novel, Nella Larsen communicates her demeanor in derision of white people’s visual impairment when they separate dark individuals without knowing who they truly are. Jack, a bigot, weds a Negro lady since he trusts in what he sees. Numerous individuals witness Clare’s demise however no one could make certain about what they saw. They even speculate Jack since he is the main white individuals there. By consummation the novel in vulnerability, Nella Larsen questions her perusers about how they decipher and get who or what pushes individuals to death. In the event that there is no bigotry, Clare would not end it all, and Jack wouldn’t be suspected on the grounds that he is white. Accordingly, the most dubious individual would be Irene. In the event that Irene doesn’t have any weight about keeping her life as it must be as per social standards, she wouldn’t have inspiration to slaughter Clare since she doesn’t love Brian: â€Å"She couldn’t now be certain that she had ever genuinely known love. Not in any event, for Brian†¦ she despite everything expected to hold quick to the external shell of her marriage, to keep her life fixed, certain† (201). The picture of Irene put her hand on Clare’s uncovered arms before Clare dropping out of the window represent for the battling inside Irene. Irene assumes the job of one who could help Clare return to her locale, however she additionally puts Clare in hazard by not informing Clare concerning Jack seeing Irene with a dark lady. Before Clare kicked the bucket, Irene must be the one keep Clare down, however she is likewise dubious for executing Irene. Reality isn’t consistently uncovered in what we see, yet additionally by they way we decipher what we think about it, which relies much upon our mentality toward it. Nella Larsen let her perusers have their own specific manner to think about this dubious end so as to scrutinize their convictions and their qualities. This questionable finish of â€Å"Passing† likewise like the vulnerability of people’s life under different weights originates from social limitation, for example, race and sex. Clare’s demise represent for individuals as the casualty of disparity and social limitation.

What to Take to University (and What to Leave at Home)

What to Take to University (and What to Leave at Home) What to Take to University (and What to Leave at Home) Results day has been and gone, so the next challenge before your time at university starts is to pack. I know from experience how tricky it is to know what you're going to need at university, especially if it’s unclear what will be provided by your halls or accommodation. If you need a hand figuring out what belongs in your suitcase and what doesn’t, here’s a rundown of some of the things I found to be essential when starting university. Firstly, save space by only packing your ‘winter’ wardrobe via GIPHY I thought I would need to bring everything I owned to university, but you really only need to bring clothes for autumn/winter in first term. Then, after Christmas, you can bring the spring/summer clothes. Bringing it all at once just means you’ll have no wardrobe space and your room will become extremely cluttered really easily. Make sure to bring coat hangers with you. This is key as most halls don't provide many, if any at all. Don’t forget your ID and university documents via GIPHY When you enrol, the university may ask for things like your passport, other forms of ID, your acceptance letter, and other uni documentation. I suggest you file them away in one folder that you can easily get to when you move in. You can add any new documentation you receive when you arrive (such as login details and passwords for the university system or the new Netflix account you proudly buy with your student loan!). What to take for the kitchen via GIPHY If you're in catered halls, then this list of kitchen essentials may not be necessary, but from my experience of self-catered halls, here’s a list of the things I found to be super useful: Distinctive plates and cutlery: By this, I mean buy ones that can easily be identified as yours. Mine were all red and the cutlery had red handles so I knew exactly which was mine. You want to avoid all having the same cheap white Sainsbury's plate and arguing over who didn't wash up! Basic cooking accessories: If you’re anything like me, I didn’t know what a capable cook would need before starting university. While you could try and survive for a year off oven chips and fish fingers, taking basic items like a baking tray, tongs, a fish slice, a wooden spoon, a pot with a lid, a frying pan, some kitchen knives, a pair of kitchen scissors, a measuring jug, and, MOST importantly, a colander enables you to cook a wider range of dishes. I’m not underplaying the importance of the colander by the way. It's not a false stereotype that pasta makes up a large proportion of a student's diet. You will need a colander, end of. Bottle and can openers: It's handy to have these just to avoid attempting to open a can of beans with a knife, like I did once, and slicing your hand open. The bottle opener will come in handy when drinking with your new flatmates too. Other essentials: Tea towels, bag clips for open bags of crisps or cereal, your own washing up sponge and liquid, and oven gloves are also a must. I actually had oven gloves that looked like proper winter gloves so I could grip my tray of chips better, and they were probably the most useful thing I packed for university. Toiletries and medication via GIPHY If you're lucky your parent/guardian may have this covered, as it seems to be a trend that families make care packages for their children to take to university. These often include things like paracetamol, plasters, antiseptic cream, and probably most importantly, cold and flu remedy. Fresher’s flu is a very real thing so being stocked up with that is a must. You'll also need everything you use at home such as a toothbrush, toothpaste, shampoo etc. but you shouldn’t need us to tell you that. I had an en suite bathroom at university, so I was lucky in that I could keep my toiletries in there all the time. However, if you're sharing showers, you may want to buy a portable shower bag that hangs up in the shower to make sharing as convenient as possible. If you’re sharing, you’ll also probably need some slippers to avoid walking on the gross halls' floor barefoot when you go to and from the bathroom. If you have your own bathroom there are a few other things you'll need. I had a bath mat, and another mat to go around the base of the loo. Also, a loo brush and lots of cleaning products are essential. Buy the right stationery for your course via GIPHY While you can buy this once you're at uni, it's still useful to consider what you'll actually need. Depending on your course you'll need different equipment so buy accordingly. You may need to buy course books, but I would recommend being careful and selecting only the ones you really will need. Try to talk to some current students to gauge which are actually useful. I bought so many that I didn't need so do yourself a favour and double check! Don’t forget to find room for some home comforts via GIPHY These are the items which won’t come to mind immediately but will help you to settle into your uni room very quickly and help if you ever feel a bit homesick. It could be that you pack your favorite mug, a photo album, or maybe some posters you had up in your old room. Decorating your room and filling it with your trinkets and knick-knacks is really important to make uni feel more homely. Halls' rooms vary but quite a lot are a tad grotty and plain, so bringing bunting or some succulents can really help to brighten up the place. Look out for uni events such as plant and poster sales as they are a great opportunity to buy everything you'll need to spruce up your room. Things you don’t really need but will make your life easier/more fun via GIPHY A speaker: You'll be everyone's favorite flatmate if you have a decent speaker for pre-drinks. A printer: This is more for convenience than anything but it's a lot easier to print that last minute essay if you can do it from the comfort of your room instead of attempting to find a working printer at uni. A lamp: Your halls will more than likely provide one but they are not always that useful. My halls gave us a small color changing circular lamp which, while being super cool, was the most impractical thing. An extension lead: There were definitely not enough plug sockets for me to charge everything I owned so having an extension lead was extremely useful. What to leave at home via GIPHY To be honest, you should leave as much at home as you can. The aim is to travel light. This will make moving out of halls and into your second year house a lot easier. I know from experience that taking pretty much everything from home makes moving out after first year extremely stressful. Unfortunately, and I know this is difficult to accept, you will have to leave your pet at home (if you have one!). This can be really tough, but remember you’ll see them every time you’re home over the holidays. It seems people miss their pets more than their family! Finally, this is a little cheesy but also try to leave your worries at home. Uni is an opportunity to try new things, step out of your comfort zone, and meet lots of new people, so leaving your fears and trepidations at home will make your introduction to university that bit smoother. Want more content like this?  Register for free site membership  to get regular updates and your own personal content feed.

The background and principles related to Islamic Banking - Free Essay Example

Islamic principles have stated clearly that all business transactions have to follow the fairness behavior stated in Islamic law where no party should gain any sort of unequal treatment thus when an investment occurs between two parties both the parties should divide the profit or loss according to the business status (Schon; 2009). Islamic principles related to monetary transactions have stated clearly that no harm or use of harmful products is allowed to be conducted under the Islamic business (Schon; 2009). Thus; Gambling, prostitution and similar projects should be banned from using Islamic money as a tool of transactions (Schon; 2009). 2.1 Principles behind Islamic Banking Two basic principles behind Islamic banking are the sharing of profit and loss (PLS), significantly, the prohibition of collection and payment of interest. In fact, collecting interest is not permitted under Islamic law. Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activities that is consistent with Islamic law and principles and guided by Islamic economics (Sipra, 2002). 2.3 Islamic Banking around the World Present Islamic finance has exist globally since the 1970.Currently, Islamic finance represent small but growing fragment of the global finance industry (Ariss 2010). Estimates diverge of the total size of the assets held globally under Islamic finance, ranging upwards from 800 billion and with growth rates of 10% to 15% annually over the past ten years. Indeed, United Kingdom has announced initiations to reserve London as a main player in the Islamic finance industry (Kerr, 2007); the global market for Islamic bonds known as Sukuk us estimated to be $70 billion currently and is projected to reach $100 billion by 2010.Global issuance of Islamic bonds has increased more than five-fold from 2004 to 2007. Assets of the top 500 Islamic banks expanded 28.6% to $822 billion at year-end 2009 Islamic industry size is estimated to be at 400 billion USD with growth of 15% per annum. Demand for Islamic banking products and service is growing, Islamic banking has developed into a full fledg e system, today Islamic banks are working in 75 countries beside that there are many financial institutions from the conventional banking systems have lunched Islamic banking windows working side by side with Islamic banks to overcome the growing market demand on Islamic products and services. In Malaysia and Bahrain Islamic banks are working at parallel with conventional banks participating in the overall money transacted (Scribd; 2010). In some countries, such as Iran, Sudan and Pakistan, Islamic bank are the only mainstream financial institutions. In others, they exist within conjunction with conventional banking. The Arab Gulf region and Southeast Asia, led by Malaysia, traditionally have been the major centers for Islamic banking. In recent years Islamic banking has expanded into Africa, particular in Sudan (Tahir 2007). Sudan has full financial system running at a national level by Islamic finance and banking principles, Iran also have switched to fully working Islamic b anking system in spite of the conceptual interpretation differences.UK, Euro countries and many other countries have initiated Islamic banking participations by allowing Islamic banks to start doing business (Tahir 2007). Chart 2.1 is showing that Iran is the higher ranked in Islamic banking assts followed by Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Indeed, Bahrain has 10 Islamic banks compare with 19 banks in Sudan. In fact, Iran, Sudan and Pakistan fully operate as a full main stream Islamic banking system. Chart 2.1 Break Down of the Worlds 100 Islamic Banks Source: Asian Banker Research Bahrain have a large concentration of Islamic banking in the Middle East where it hosts 26 institutions offering different products and services including commercial banking, offshore banking, investment banking and fund management , Bahrain also purse a dual banking system where conventional and Islamic banking are treated equally by the Bahrain Monetary Agency , Bahrain also hosts the newly creat ed liquidity management center and the international Islamic financial market , to coordinate the operation of Islamic banking around the world. Malaysia has a comprehensive Islamic banking industry where conventional and Islamic banks are working at a competitive environment; the conventional banks are allowed to open Islamic windows. The share of Islamic banking operation in Malaysia has grown from a nil to 8 percent in 2003 where the government in Malaysia has a plan to enhance that to 20 percent by 2011. There is a growing interest for Islamic finance and a business opportunity for lenders in the United States where Islamic banking is largely exists in the personal home mortgages (Tahir 2007). Chart 2.2 explains that the issuance of Sukuk financial records for about 10% of the comprehensive Islamic finance industry, subsequent to fast growth over the past decade. Cumulative total issues topped the figurative mark of $100 billion at year-end 2009, compared with less than $500 million at year-end 2001. The market is slowly reviving after a major slowdown in 2008. Sukuk issues totaling $23.3 billion in 2009 clearly outpaced the $14.9 billion registered in 2008 and regained some ground against record issues of $34.3 billion in 2007. Chart 2.2 Sukuk Issuance in billions USD from 2001 to 2009 Source : (Poors 2010) 2.6 Definition of Corporate Governance The agency problem arises because of the relationship between the owners and the management. The scandal in corporate governance made the scholars defining corporate governance based on the problem solving perspective or corporate affairs perspective. In addition, most definition states that internal governance mechanism involves board of directors and ownership structure while external involves taking over market and legal system. Researchers have defined corporate governance in a variety of ways, and the most widely cited definitions follow. A definition by the finance committee on corporate governance in Malaysia in the report on corporate governance (2002) stated that: Corporate governance is the process and structure used to direct and manage the business and affairs of the company towards enhancing business prosperity and corporate accountability with the ultimate objective of realizing long term shareholder value, whilst taking account the interests of other stakeholders. This indicates that corporate governance is not only applied to the shareholders but the other stakeholders as well. 2.7 Corporate Governance System around the World 2.7.1 Anglo-Saxon Corporate Governance System The Anglo -Saxon system is taking by the main source of firms finance. Therefore, the main concentration of Anglo-Saxon corporate governance is the shareholder interest where the principle is applied by given the right to each shareholder to vote pursuant to that the law found to be protecting the shareholder against the management where a shareholder can be found misusing the company money which might affect the shareholder wealth. The composition of the Anglo-Saxon corporate governance system is one board of directors constituting of executives and non-executives. The executive directors are managers of the corporations; whereas the non-executive directors are representing the shareholders to monitor the manager in their day to day business. Both executive and non-executives directors members are appointed and dismissed by general assembly of shareholders.(Denis and McConnell 2003). 2.7.2 Germanic Corporate Governance System The Germanic corporate governance system deals with the firm as an autonomous economic entity which may benefit to shareholders and stakeholders in the firm. Countries which implement this system use two board systems consisting of a supervisory board and managing board. Supervisory board main duties are to appoint the managing dismiss managing board and to evaluate management performance. Germanic corporate governance system considers the bank as the main source of finance. Therefore, the bank has a significant voting right in shareholders shareholders assembly and also represents shareholders interest in a supervisory board (Odenius; 2008) . 2.7.3 Latin Corporate Governance System The Latin corporate governance system is considered more flexible compared with previous Systems. In a context of board of directors, Latin corporations have an option to select either one board as Anglo-Saxon system or two boards as in Germanic System, shareholders have more influence in the Latin system i.e. in French legislation, shareholders can remove a director, which overrule on a share one vote system.(Aguilera and Ermoli 2005) 2.7.4 Japanese Corporate Governance System The board of directors in Japanese system comprises a board of directors, an office of representive directors and an office of auditors. The president is the rarely the chair man of the board. Banks have high influence on the decision making of the management in the Japanese system .(Allen; and Zhao; 2007) 2.7.5 Islamic Corporate Governance. The corporate governance in Islamic banking is based on Islamic law and principles. The governance of the banks is subject to acceptance of the principles and standard of Shariah. Islamic corporate governance tension on all the parties involved in the organization to practice Islamic law principles. Since Islamic banks in many ways are similar to the conventional banks; the existence of a proper frame work of corporate governance is a matter of dire necessity (Pellegrini 2006). However, in accordance with the fact that Islamic banking and conventional banking are different because Islamic banking activities are underlined by Islamic law its not appropriate for Islamic banking to divert from Islamic practices .Thus, the responsibility is on Islamic banks to ensure that all activities are subject to Shariah law acceptance (Pellegrini 2006). In terms of guidelines and principles constructed in accordance with Islamic law there are many standardizing agencies; theses agencies inc lude the Islamic financial service board (IFSB), the accounting and auditing organization for Islamic financial institutions (AAOIFI), and International Islamic rating agency (IIRA); are of the important bodies concerned with regulations enhancing the supervision in Islamic financial institutions (Grais and Pellegrini 2006; Pellegrini 2006; Wafik Grais 2007). Researchers have conceptually explained the differences attributed to corporate governance principles in Islamic law and corporate governance principles in non Islamic law, the proposed considerations mostly concentrated on Shariah supervisions, financing modes and risk managements. In addition, Islamic finance scholars have supported the explanation of theoretical base of Islamic banking and finance on stakeholder theory considering that any party who affect of get affected by the activities conducted in the Islamic financial institution is a stack holder of the Islamic financial institution (BAHJATT; 1997; Chapera 2004; Ab u-Tapanjeh 2009). Table 1.1 focuses on the differences between the organization for economic cooperation and developments principles and Islamic principles where sole authority is to Shariah, society is a stakeholder and the sense of equality between different parties involved in the corporation process. Islamic perspective on corporate governance, to some extent, resembles to the stakeholder model. Indeed, it provides a more solid justification regarding who can qualify as a stakeholder and what are the rights and responsibilities that both firms and their various stakeholders may assume. Table 1.1 Corporate Governance from Islamic Prospective OECD Principles and Annotation Islamic Principles Insuring the basis for an effective corporate governance framework Promotion of transparent and efficient markets with rule of law and division of responsibilities Promotion of business within ethical framework of Shariah,Believes in profit and loss,Primacy of Justice and social welfare withsocial and spiritual obligations,Prohibition of interest The rights of shareholders and key ownership functions Basic shareholder rights, Participation in Decision-making at the general meetings, Structures and arrangements markets for corporate control, Ownership rights by all shareholders including institutional shareholders, Consultative process between shareholders and institutional shareholders Property as trust from God, Sole Authority is God, Society as stakeholders, Accountability not only to stakeholders but also to God, the ultimate owner The equitable treatment of shareholders Protection to minority and foreign shareholders Just and fairness of value The role of stakeholders in corporate governance In creating wealth, jobs and sustainability of financially sound Enterprises Islamic accountability to Falahand social welfare orientation, Haram/Halaldichotomy in transaction, Social individual welfare from both spiritual and material Disclosure and transparency Matters regarding corporation, Financial situation, Performance, ownership and Governance Accountability with Shariahcompliance, Socio-economic objectives related to firms control and accountability to all its stakeholders, Justice, equality, truthfulness transparency, Wider accountability with written as well as oral disclosure The responsibilities of the board Strategic guidance, Monitoring of management, Accountability to company and stakeholders Accountability not only to company or board or stakeholders but also to Allah the ultimate authority who leads to welfare and success, Holistic and integrative guidance, Negotiation and co-operation, Consultation and consensus seeking for each decision with related stakeholders Source : (OECD 1999; Abu-Tapanjeh 2009) Unlike the known corporate governance systems where the solving of agency conflict is one of the important issues related to the governance mechanisms. Islamic corporate governance laid the liaison and activities of the bank to Shariah supervisory board and main Shariah board at the central bank of the country. Thus, each party involved in the transaction and activities of the bank is stakeholder. The Islamic finance activities have the obligation towards employees, community and related parties of organization. The staff in Islamic bank should act according to Islamic principles and adhere to the teaching of Islam. Accounting standards in the Islamic bank should consider that Islamic banking is interest free banking(M; 2007). Shariah supervisory board (SSB) has the authority to reject any of the projects which is not in accordance with their expectation. Indeed, the process of the Shariah reviewing the activities is one of the fundamentals of Islamic banking transaction. The Shariah reviewing process includes risk management, auditing committee and Shariah research functions (Hamzah 2009). . Figure 2.1 is explaining the process of The Shariah supervisory board where Shariah board receives the new projects and products before they are presented to the customers in order to assure the Shariah compliance. Shariah board process will supervise bank activities and processes in order to assure the Shariah compliance. Shariah supervisory board has the responsibility to enhance the Islamic banking knowledge among the employees in the Islamic banks. Figure 2.1 Shariah Board Process Source : (BNM 1 October 2005) The board of directors is committed to the decisions made by the Shariah supervisory board irrespective of whether the majority approve or disapprove. The meeting of the board usually is held periodically or whenever the situation require (DIB 2010). 2.8 Principles of Islamic Corporate Governance The Islamic financial service board (IFSB) is an international guidelines and regulation organization that concentrate on improving the consistency and firmness of the Islamic financial services institutions by issuing global standards and principles for the industry, mostly distinct to include institutions which deal under Islamic law (IFSB 2006). The principles is concerned about enhancing the process of the Islamic banks under a proper mechanism related to Shariah law which highlight and explain what are the duties and responsibilities related to stakeholder in the Islamic bank. The principles detail the process and structure of governance in the Islamic to achieve the optimum smooth of return to stakeholders (IFSB 2006). As per the principles guidelines its of importance to meet to principles because that will help providing a typical disclosure particularly financial statements for internal audit which deliver a great responsibility to the stakeholders, indeed it also en dorses the Basel I, II and the principles of corporate governance in banks, so as to ensure the safety of Islamic banking and to provide protection for the assets and rights of customers of Islamic banks encouraging commitment to the decisions of (IFSB) .The sitting standards by IFSB for Islamic financial institutions involve the discussion on the mechanism to balance between different stakeholders in the organization including the duties and responsibilities, the board of directors and financial reporting requirements (IFSB 2006). Table 2.1 presents the main principles for Islamic financial institutions including Islamic banks which must adhere to Islamic law including governance mechanisms, right of investment account holders, and compliance with Islamic Shariah rules and the transparency of account reporting. Table 2.1 the Guiding Principles of Islamic Financial Service Board IFSB Principle 1.1: IIFS shall establish a comprehensive governance policy framework which sets out the strategic roles and functions of each organ of governance and mechanisms for balancing the IIFSs accountabilities to various stakeholders. Principle 1.2: IIFS shall ensure that the reporting of their financial and non-financial information meets the requirements of internationally recognized accounting standards which are in compliance with Shariahrules and principles and are applicable to the Islamic financial services industry as recognized by the supervisory authorities of the country. Principle 2.1: IIFS shall acknowledge IAHs right to monitor the performance of their investments and the associated risks, and put into place adequate means to ensure that these rights are observed and exercised. Principle 2.2: IIFS shall adopt a sound investment strategy which is appropriately aligned to the risk and return expectations of IAH (bearing in mind the distinction between restricted and unrestricted IAH), and be transparent in smoothing any returns. Principle 3.1: I IFS shall have in place an appropriate mechanism for obtaining rulings from Shariahscholars, applying Fatwaand monitoring Shariahcompliance in all aspects of their products, operations and activities. Principle 3.2: IIFS shall comply with the Shariahrules and principles as expressed in the rulings of the IIFSs Shariahscholars. The IIFS shall make these rulings available to the public. Principle 4: IIFS shall make adequate and timely disclosure to IAH and the public of material and relevant information on the investment accounts that they manage. Source: International Islamic Finance Services Board (IFSB 2006) 2.8.1 Ownership Islamic banks guiding principles permit the bank to constitute the capital from original and foreign resources, in respect to the rate of deposit and place of deposit of the capital fund , it will be decided by the proficient authority, Islamic bank will constitute a reserve fund and every year an specific amount of profit will be kept in this fund from the net income after paying of tax and Zakat at the time assessing the minimum asset Islamic bank will take into consideration the balance of Savings Account, Investment Account, other deposit liabilities including the cash in hand other liabilities as directed by the proficient authority (Solà © 2008). 2.8.2 Board Size The principles of Islamic banking enhances the implementations of Basel I, II and III In explaining the board size requirement in Islamic banks, the governance code recommended that the impact of size should be examined on the board effectiveness. However there is no specified numbers of the board recommended. It is in line with the above-mentioned arguments that a board should not be too big or too small. However, the Islamic banks should allow a board with active participation and has the ability to make effective decisions and performing their functions (Solà © 2008). 2.8.3 Qualifications As part of the governance enhancement effort, IIFSB in its listing requirements requires all directors of Islamic banks to undertake continuous training and education improvement process. It aims at influencing corporate thinking on governance issues among the directors (Kasri 2008). 2.8.4 Disclosure As the Islamic financial services industry increases its activities in the global financial scaffold, IIFS requires the Islamic banks to abide by globally recognized reporting standards. IIFS is therefore ensuring that the reporting of financial and non-financial information is in harmony with worldwide recognized accounting standards, particularly those applicable to Islamic financial services. Islamic bank will appoint an auditor every year, which is to be approved by the proficient authority (Solà © 2008). The main principles enhancing the world banking system are the Basel principles. Basel is a committee focusing on formulating standards for banks especially those guidelines which help to maintain the risk level and safety against financial crisis. The Basel committees standards have been going through wide improvement from time to another. Basel I in 1998 required the countries to have a minimal capital requirement for banks; most of the focus was on credit risk. Basel I instructed the banks with international presence to hold capital equal to 8 % of the risk weighted assets. Following that, the Basel II introduced in 2004 was encouraging all countries to adopt the regulations proposed on their banking system. Indeed, Basel II was the creation dilemma of banking laws and regulations against problems that may arise particularly in capital management and risk management. Then, Basel III was a responding improvement to financial crisis where the committee instructed the banks to hold apportion of its capital to preserve against abnormal loss (Solà © 2008). Critically, Islamic banks were already enhancing the principles of Basel III which is been translated in their financial status after the crisis as they have not been affected by crisis same as the conventional banks.(Networking 2010) Abu-Tapanjeh, A. M. (2009). Corporate governance from the Islamic perspective: A comparative analysis with OECD principles. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 2 0(5): 556-567. Aguilera , R. V. and I. Ermoli (2005). A Comparative Analysis of Corporate Governance Systems in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela. SSRN eLibrary. Allen;, F. and M. Zhao; (2007) The Corporate Governance Model of Japan: Shareholders are not Rulers. Ariss, R. T. (2010). Competitive Conditions in Islamic and Conventional Banking: A Global Perspective. Review of Financial Economics 19: 101-108. BAHJATT;, M. F. (1997). TOWARDS STANDARDS FOR RELIGIOUS AUDIT IN ISLAMIC BANKS. Review of Islamic Economics, 3(2): 39. BNM (1 October 2005). Guidelines on Corporate Governance for Licensed Institutions. Chapera, M. U. (2004). Stackholder Model of Governance in Islamic Economic System. Islamic Economic Studies. 11(2). Denis, D. K. and J. J. McConnell (2003). International Corporate Governance. SSRN eLibrary. Grais, W. and M. Pellegrini (2006). Corporate Governance and Shariah Compliance in Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services. SSRN eLibrary. Hamzah, H. (2009). The Control of Islamic Bank Activity by the Shariah Board : Effectiveness and Limits. Economic and Quantitative method Tunis, University of Manouba IFSB (2006) Guding Princibiles on Corporate Governance for Instituation Offering Only Islamic Financial Services (Exculding Islamic Finance Insurance and Mutual fund) Kasri, R. A. (2008). Corporate Governance: Conventional vs. Islamic Perspective. SSRN eLibrary. M;, A. E. W. (2007) A unified voice : The Role of Shariah Advisery Boards in Islamic Finance. Networking, I. b. (2010) Basel III in support of the Islamic banking principal Odenius;, J. (2008) Germanys Corporate Governance Reforms: Has the System Become Flexible Enough? OECD (1999) OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Pellegrini, W. G. a. M. (2006). Corporate Governance in instiuations offering Islamic financial Services : Issues and Options. Islamic economic ,Banking and Finance Poors, S. a. (2010). Islam ic Finance Outlook 2010. Schon;, N. (2009). Islamic banking and finance, Spriamus Press Ltd. Scribd; (2010) Islamic Banking vs Conventional Banking. Islamic Banking vs Conventional Banking Solà ©, J. (2008) Introducing Islamic Banks into Conventional Banking Systems. Tahir, S. (2007). Islamic Theory and Practice Survey of Literature Jouranl of Economic Corporation 28(1): 1-72. Wafik Grais , M. P. (2007). Corporate Governance and Shariah Compliance in institutions offering Islamic Financial Services. Wold Bank Research Working Papers 4054.

The Effects Of Climate Change On Development And The...

Human survival is dependent on myriad things, the first of which that come to mind are food, water and shelter. As the world has developed, the abundance of each of these has increased dramatically, especially in the developed world. However, along with this growing population and resource web has come a growing understanding of disease, and its impacts on the more-developed and less-developed parts of the world. Another effect of growing population is the concerning truth of climate change: changes in climate not only alter the environment, but can alter the range and distribution of diseases. Moreover, human population leads inherently to social networks and systems that can have significant impact on development and the spread of disease. These impacts can manifest as civil strife, or simply the unavoidable reality of proximity within a community. Lea Berrang-Ford, an Associate Professor at McGill University, has conducted numerous studies over the past approximately fifteen years that blend together the complex aspects of disease spread in general, choosing to focus mostly on African trypanosomiasis or â€Å"sleeping sickness†, and how climatic and social pressures affect the spread of disease. Her work also extends beyond her own research, into her classroom, and through her students, out into the world. Berrang-Ford earned her first degree, a BS in Environmental Geography, from the University of Guleph in 2000. She then went on to earn an MS in Environmental Change andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Earth1358 Words   |  6 PagesEurope. Climate change is classed as any alteration in global weather patterns over a period of time. However the climate change the earth is currently experiencing is far from anything ever experienced before and its 99% certain that it has been caused by human industrialisation. Like anything that affects the earth on a global scale it affects everything including microorganisms and therefore diseas e. Climate change is causing disease to spread and increase in severity. The main adverse effects causingRead MoreClimate Change Of The New Nematode Diseases And Changing The Distribution Of Existing Ones1595 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been considerable concern over the role of climate change in promoting the emergence of new nematode diseases and in changing the distribution of existing ones. As the global warming increases, pests and diseases from low latitude regions, where they are much more prevalent may be introduced at higher latitudes. Recent developments in experimental and modeling techniques facilitate climate change impact assessment on nematode diseases. 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In modern society the main issues that are faced include such things as the density of the population, the increased resistance to current antibiotics and antibacterial agent, changing biodiversity, climate changeRead MoreDengue Fever And Dengue Syndrome968 Words   |  4 PagesDengue is a type of vector-borne viral disease, transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue has four antigenically different virus stereotypes (DENV 1-4), (though there was a report in 2013 that identified a fifth stereotype) (Guzman Harris, 2015) (Dengue, 2016) (Normile, 2013). It is estimated that there are 50 million new cases of dengue fever each year worldwide. A portion of these cases can develop into sever infections, namely dengue he morrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, these severRead MoreClimate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And Adaptation For Sustainable Future1646 Words   |  7 PagesCLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Anupam Kumar Singh Department of African Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi (India). 1. Introduction India with its area of 3.28 million sq. km accounts for 2.4% of the world’s land surface area and stands as the seventh largest country in the world. India is second most populous country in the world with above 1.3 billion which containing 17.5% of world population. The size and populationRead MoreClimate Change in Peru Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesdire situation for Peru in terms of climate change and the effects it has on each individual system as well as the effects on wildlife and human occupants that live in these regions. In Peru, the climate changes that have been taking place have led to several disastrous outcomes that include not only draught, but have also led to depletion of the Amazon Rain Forest, an increase in disease, extreme temperature changes, glacial ablation, extreme weather, and changes in the nations oceans which are homeRead MoreEnergy, Agriculture, And Livestock1650 Words   |  7 Pages but climate friendly practices for development. Anyway, with the global average of emissions per capita of 7,58MtCO2eq, IGAD countries are among the lowest GHG emitters. On the other hand, the sources of emission are being studied in order to focus on some activities or sectors for implementing mitigation measures in an efficient way. In general, the main sources of emission in IGAD are: Energy, Agriculture and livestock; Transport; Industry including Mining; and Land Use, Land Use Change and ForestryRead MoreClimate Change Is The State Of New York920 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is a significant problem all around world for all species alike but one state that faces great possible endangerment of it is the state of New York. 1 Climate change by definition is the a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels There can be many causes and outcomes of climate change due toRead MoreCoral Reefs : A Major Role Of Marine Ecosystems1582 Words   |  7 Pagesreefs face various concerns because of climate changes, and so it has been seen that coral blanching frequently causes the termination of reefs. In conjunction with environmental change, there are different elements that corals reefs confront regularly. Generally, few coral reefs suffer through infection, intrusive species and even an over development of algae. Different corals definitely close Florida, have demonstrated a real decrease in coral development generally due to herbivory. Contrary to

Essay Writing - 7014 Words

Important things to look out for in narrative essay writing I am assuming that the student is able to construct basic sentence and grammar structure (past amp; present tense etc.). If the student is unable to do so, he/she is in no condition to attempt essay writing. Please sign the student for basic language/ grammar classes instead. There is a limit to how much advice I can offer via text. So I will just offer two key points. 1. ESSAY FLOW 2. CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS / FEELINGS * 1. Essay Flow Essay flow means no break in the story plot. A disjointed narrative threatens a fiction essay, and as a side note, absolutely fatal in GP essays (Immediate failure). Common e.g (pri sch level): Annie was walking back home from school.†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, that’s half the battle won. The way you teach is crucial. The tricks are constant repetition for internalization and essay question standardization (there are other methods too, but it will probably kill me to list all). That sounds highly loaded, but I assure you it is pretty simple. * Constant repetition * Basically, by the tenth lesson, you should be repeating concepts taught for the past nine lessons before embarking on the tenth lesson plan. Same applies to vocabulary, with an ever lengthening vocab spelling list for every lesson. * Essay question standardization * During the initial months, ensure that your child practices with only a couple of essay questions. If your child chooses a picture composition of the cat stuck in the tree and an open-ended essay on a surprise birthday party, do ensure that your child only practices those essay questions repeatedly during the initial months. This is so that your child has a basis for comparison (IMPT). It is essentially a before and after comparison. Simple example: 1st essay lesson: Allowing your child to write her first essay Annie was walking back home from school. 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Just one word yet it stirs frighteningly confusing images of perplexing thoughts in my mind. The word alone is strange, but when put in context of an essay it leaves me baffled and frustrated[d1] . The questions; â€Å"What is Audience?† â€Å"Why do I need it?† and, â€Å"What purpose does it serve?† are important to my finally some day understanding the concept of Audience, but at this point I can’t answer them fully[d2] . I can grasp the understanding of all

The Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific...

The Scientific Revolution was a period when new scientific ideas where introduced into society. The Scientific Revolution laid down a foundation in which modern science is heavily based on. An influential figure of the Scientific Revolution is Sir Isaac Newton. He made many advancements in the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affected the scientific community during the Scientific Revolution and still affect society today, he recognized the three laws of motion, discovered gravity, and co-developed calculus. The scientific revolution was a time of inquisition, discovery, and†¦show more content†¦One of the most well known is, â€Å"To every action there is always an opposed and equal reaction†.2 These three basic theories are the most widely known theories that Newton proposed. The development of these theories founded w hat is now modern physics. These theories also gained Newton attention and credibility in the scientific community, which further helped spread his accomplishments. The discovery of these laws, laid down a basic foundation for the physics of motion. Newtons three laws of gravity changed the way in which the world was perceived, because of their accuracy in describing many unexplained phenomenons.3 They explained what happens as a result of different variables, but most importantly, they explained why and how these actions happen. Like many of Isaac Newtons ideas and theories, the three laws of motion had a profound impact on the scientific community. The three laws of motions provided an explanation for almost everything in macro physics. Macro Physics is the branch of physics that deals with physical objects large enough to be observed and treated directly.4 This allowed for many new advancements in physics because the foundation had been build for others to develop upon. I saac Newton published these findings in his revolutionary book â€Å"The Principa†. The Principa was revolutionary book because it organized the bulk of his life’s work, More importantly theShow MoreRelatedSir Isaac Newton And The Scientific Revolution967 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals made substantial contributions to that time, there is one man who stands above the rest for his impact on the knowledge of the Europe of the Scientific Revolution and the subsequent Enlightenment. Sir Isaac Newton had the greatest impact on this portion of European history through his discoveries built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo, the use of his work as a catalyst and foundation for other movements, and the unity of his work with his faith. 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Finally, we are introduced to scientists of mathematiciansRead MoreThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1873 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract: Isaac Newton was the most influential figure of the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution brought attention to many figures, Copernicus and Galileo, but Newton is the scientist with most influential changes that that have changed how we think. His research and discovery of gravitation formula led to the scientific method. While that was his most famous discovery, he also had many findings in the mathematical field. Newton changed the way we think and his discovery on gravityRead MoreThe Achievements Of Isaac Newton1368 Words   |  6 Pagesminds that have contributed to shaping the scientific life that we live in today. One of the most influential scientists would be that of Sir Isaac Newton. Newton was a prominent philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and scientist during the 17th century. The acco mplishments completed within his life helped in contributing and shaping the fact that he was one of the single-most influential scientists of his time. On January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in the Woolsthorpe, LincolnshireRead MoreScientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1548 Words   |  7 PagesScientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution refers to a time in history when developments in the sciences took off and changed the view of society regarding the earth and nature. Some of the relevant topics of this time were mathematics, astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry. Typically, the scientific revolution is considered the time in Europe starting around the end of the Renaissance period and lasting through the late 18th century. Between 1543 and 1700, Europe underwent many changes

Neoliberalism Is A Political Project For Restore Class Power

Neoliberalism has a tendency to increase social inequality and this tendency is no accident. The rich thorough military force political maneuvering and the construction of mass consent decimate social infrastructure and break trade unions and social movements in order to cement class power. Proof that neoliberalism is more about class power than economic efficiency can be found in the numbers. The global picture looks, at least on the surface, to be very bleak. The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income . Income inequality increased by 32% between 1960 and 2005 in the UK and in the US it increased by 23% . Neoliberal governance often departs from the theoretical template, providing further proof for Harvey’s thesis that neoliberalism is a political project to restore class power. These pragmatic departures prove very beneficial to the rich and in turn result in increased inequality and poverty. Harvey argues that neoliberal governance has two fundamental biases which show how favouring class power trumps the theoretical framework. Firstly, in practice neoliberal governance always favours fostering ‘good investment’ over ‘good business. Second, neoliberal states ‘typically favour the integrity of the financial system and the solvency of financial institutions over the well-being of the population or environmental quality’ . The reliance neoliberalism places onShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1387 Words   |  6 Pagescountry to country, the foundation among all the states was to rebuild the region through multipolarity and solidarity. Since the implementation of neoliberal economic policies in the 1980s, many Latin American countries were experiencing social, political, and economic crises, leftist movements and parties began rising to challenge the new order. The Pink Tide began in 1998 when Hugo Chavez was elected president in Venezuela. This paved the way for other leftist groups to gain momentum throughoutRead MoreEmerging From The Global Recession Of 1973-19752054 Words   |  9 PagesEmerging from the global recession of 1973-1975, the resulting surge of neoliberalism transformed the global economy into a secularized faith that draws on anxiety and responsibility for sustenance. Debt answers to anxiety and allows for a greater participation in the economy, subsequently, debtors become shackled to their indebtedness, which evolves into a continuous moral burden. The relationship between credit and debt has developed into a necessary technique of govern ­ment under neoliberal regimesRead MoreRadical Social Work and Social Action4276 Words   |  18 Pageshappiness, but there are rules for radicals who want to change their world†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Saul D. Alinsky, 1971. Above statement has the key to change the existing Indian society. In India, different social movements are going on against the politics of neoliberalism. This paper examines the difference between radical social work and social movements. This paper also reflects upon the ongoing movements and also criticizes social work practice. 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Ordinary Objects Become Meaningful Lacoste Challenge...

The organizational process behind making ads is complicated. Many things can be discovered when you look into the deeper meanings behind an advertisement. The advertisement that I chose to interpret through semiotic analysis came from Vogue Magazine, advertising the new Lactose perfume for men called Lacoste Challenge. This is a very recent ad, made to advertise this new fragrance for men, and it features celebrity actor Hayden Christensen as the new model for the promotion of this new perfume. This ad is pretty straight forward and general, but what else is missing? What other details were included in the development of this ad that makes it so effective to consumers? Through this semiotic analysis, the study of signs, I’m going to take a†¦show more content†¦The overall image has a very soft appeal, because the outlines of the man and the objects in the picture are slightly blurred. These are the images that we see when we take a first glance of the ad. These thing s are what people see first and recognise, as everyday items they are familiar with. Secondly, we’ll cover the connotative level of the advertisement, which is where we decode the deeper meanings behind the images in the ad, and interpret them in order to discover the meanings that are less obvious to the consumer. First is brand name that they have on the perfume Lacoste. Lacoste is a well known name, which in itself sounds expensive. It is a French name and the French are usually classified as high society people. The sell high end clothing and accessories for men widely know for the popular and stylish tennis and collared golf shirts. The animal used as a part of their logo is a green crocodile derived from the nick-name of a tennis player whose name was Lacoste. The male in the ad is celebrity actor and model Hayden Christensen. He is also wearing Lacoste apparel further advertising the brand. He is quite famous, and is easily recognized through his roles in various movi es. The ad also points this out in the bottom left hand corner just under his picture, to point that out to people who recognize the face, but can’t remember the name. By associating Hayden Christensen with Lacoste perfume it associates it with being an object of masculinity, celebrityShow MoreRelatedBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagescompetition is at center stage, driven by the power of strong retailers, value-sensitive customers, reduced category growth, and overcapacity (often caused by new entrants and by old competitors hanging on, sometimes via bankruptcy). Retailers have become stronger year by year, and they have used that strength to put pressure on prices. Whereas a decade ago, the manufacturer largely controlled information, retailers are now collecting vast amounts of information and developing models to use it. AsRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagescontrol to produce superior marketing performance âž ¡ To give full recognition to the problems of implementation and how these problems might be overcome. Since the appearance of the first edition in 1992, the marketing environment – and therefore the challenges facing marketing planners and strategists – have changed in a variety of often dramatic ways. Amongst some of the most significant of these changes has been the emergence of what within this book we refer to as ‘the new consumer’ and ‘the new competition’

That Teenager on TV free essay sample

WhenI was little, I wanted to be the teenager I saw on TV. I wanted to be the typicalteen suffering under the iron-fisted rule of his parents, forced to complete hisdaily chores. I was seven when my father bought my mother an upright piano, and Isaw my opportunity to leap into that average world. To be as cool as thekids I saw on TV, I had to find some chore to complain about. When I asked mymother if I could take piano lessons, she demanded commitment: I would eithercontinue playing until I left for college, or be thrown out of the house. She washalf kidding, but I took her seriously. I was one of the few (if not the only)kids in the neighborhood who decided for himself to study the piano. Asthe days passed, I was forced to turn down dates with friends. Why? With a rollof my eyes Id explain, I have to practice the piano. We will write a custom essay sample on That Teenager on TV or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It felt great -almost like a teenager. Then, I shocked myself by actually findingsatisfaction in playing. Progressing through Bachs two-part inventions, Ifound both a challenge and a means of relaxation. It reached the point that whilemost days I still practiced to keep the warden happy, some days I would just sitdown for hours to perfect a piece. Other instruments the recorder and thesaxophone came and went at the will of my school music teacher. They wereforced on me, so I had no real interest in them and let them go. I continued withthe piano as the years passed, and fewer friends continued their musiclessons. Years later, my musical interest grew to include the guitar, andeventually I started my own disk-jockey business. The satisfaction I get fromcreating and manipulating music is far greater than the sacrifices of time spentpracticing and money invested in buying instruments and equipment. Im sure thatmany people do not continue studying because of a bad experience. If youreforced, your only desire will be to stop. This is true with anything. Careers,for example, should reflect a love of the field and natural ability. Ask ateacher why he or she teaches, and you will almost always hear: I just loveto teach. I have learned from my piano that if you make a willful decisionto do something, and love doing it, you will succeed. Although my initial planfailed Im not that teenager on television I have something I love doing, soI think Ill be able to live with myself.

Side Channel Attack

Question: Discuss about the report for Side Channel Attack? Answer: Introduction Side channel attack is based on side information and which are retrieved from encryption devices where information is coded in an abstract manner (Benger et al.). In computer and communication system, security is a major concern. In the past, encryption devices receive plain text as input and generate ciphertext as output (Carlet et al.). At that stage, attacks occurred either knowing the plaintext or knowing the ciphertext or both. Now a day, these encryption devices have additional input with additional output, and those are not in the form of plain text or ciphertext. These encrypted devices also produce timing information, power consumption statistics, and many more things. Side channel attacks use these data and information with other cryptanalytic techniques (Braunstein, Samuel and Stefano Pirandola). A cryptographic algorithm with public key ciphers, hash functions, and symmetric chippers form building block to construct and implement security mechanism in the network channels. However, some side channel attacks sometimes also called physical attack tries to modify the secret parameters involved in the cryptographic devices. In order to keep these devices secure, some major countermeasures will be discussed in the following sections. Side Channel Attack Side channel attack is considered as a form of reverse engineering, where changes in the processing behavior are monitored and examined, on a regular basis during the execution and operations of the cryptographic algorithm (Carlet et al.). The Cryptographic primitive is viewed as an abstract object that is transferred some input to some outputs by using a parameterized key. On the other hand, this cryptographic primitive sometimes implemented inside a program this will run on a processor to present some specific characteristics (Chen et al.). First consideration is viewed as classical cryptanalysis and the second one is called physical security. Physical attacks or side channel attacks are numerous and considered by the cryptographic device manufacturers very seriously (Coron et al.). Some of these side channel attack types are described in the following sections NonInvasive vs. Invasive: Noninvasive attack damages the information which is externally available such as power consumptions and running time (Crane et al.). On the other hand, invasive attacks depackage the chip and tries to access the internal information and data of the inside components (Dabosville et al.). An example of this attack is to see the occurrences of data transfers; wire can be connected to a data bus. Passive vs. Active: Active attacks modify the devices functioning like fault indication attack tries to add errors in the computation programs and processes (Guo et al.). Conversely, passive attacks is not so harmful, it just observes the behaviors of the cryptographic devices while their processing, but do not change them. The above side channel attacks are trying to damage and steal the physical leakage information such as electromagnetic radiation, timing information, and power consumption. As they are passive, non invasive and can be performed by cheap devices, lead to greater security threats for most of the cryptographic hardware devices (Hund et al.). These devices are ranged from smart cards to small computers, and radio frequency identification devices. Side Channel Attacks- Models While assessing the security of cryptographic module in the traditional cryptanalysis model, it has been assumed that the opponent party almost has all the knowledge about the protocol and all its public keys (Kotipalli et al.). Moreover that, the adversary may also have some intercepted data which can be engaged with valid participants and have the control over the nature of the data. Then the adversary will try to exploit the designs in the network protocol. In this case, mathematical abstraction tool cam is used as a cryptographic primitive to evaluate the security of the devices by considering them as mathematical functions (Kumar, Pardeep and Jagdeep Kaur). Secure cryptographic algorithm offers security against the unauthorized users who only have the access to the confidential information of the authorized users. However, this is not sufficient and adequate to protect cryptographic devices from these kinds of side channel attacks (Liu et al.). By monitoring the current scenario of physical attacks or side channel attacks, researchers have discovered that these kinds of attacks exploit the properties of the devices, modify the characteristics of the network and operating system. Therefore, it becomes so easy to utilize the leaked information for unauthorized activities (Braunstein, Samuel and Stefano Pirandola). In a recent case, it has been seen that adversary of the traditional security model can see the electromagnetic radiation or power consumed by smart card while it performs signature generation and decryption operation with public keys (Mohamed et al.). Te opponent party also can measure the operation time of the cryptographic operation and analyze its behaviors whenever errors are occurred (Prouff, Emmanuel and Matthieu Rivain). Therefore, side channel information can be easily gathered, so that proper security model must be used. Classic Side Channel Attacks Timing Attack: This attack is defined as the total time required for the performance of cryptographic operations. As these execution operations have conditional branching statements and unnecessary statements, operation time varies with inputs of the cryptographic devices (Veyrat-Charvillon et al.). Side channel attackers use these differences to make exact and proper identification of the encryption key. Time sample is gathered with inputs, and those samples are applied into the statistical model. This model helps to obtain the behaviors of the devices and keys used inside it (Yarom, Yuval and Katrina Falkner). By measuring the total required time, attackers easily find out and guess the behaviors of the fixed components and damage and modify other components and cryptosystems. Electromagnetic Attack: Electric current always carried out an electromagnetic field with it. This carried electromagnetic field includes some crucial and additional information such as time, the amount of consumed power, etc. If all these information and data can be collected and measured out; a side-channel attacker easily enters into the system and exploits the whole security system to find out the secret key (Yarom, Yuval and Naomi Benger). Electromagnetic attackers use this confidential information as side channel data and leads to EM attack inside the system. Radiations from these electromagnetic fields can be of two kinds; one is intentional, and other one is unintentional (Zhang et al.). Side channel attack explores and occurs due to unintentional radiations which help to find out and guess the secret encryption key of the cryptographic device. Fault Analysis Attack: It is dependent on the errors and faults cretaed by the cryptographic modules and devices either naturally or intentionally. The faulty outputs which are generated from these devices are the side channel information of faulty analysis attack (Zhao et. al.). The main two reasons behind these kinds of faults are computational faults while the operation of cryptographic computation and when the corrupted input is applied into the module or device to generate false outputs. Side channel attackers can achieve these successfully by two steps. In the first step, faults are injected into the device, where the time of injection is the primary concern (Naomi et al.). In the second step, attackers exploit these faults and analyze them to find out the secret private key. Through these stages, attackers can almost break each and every cryptographic algorithm of the system. Power Analysis Attack: Almost every cryptographic device needs external and additional power to process and operate. This kind of power analysis attack damages the relationship between consumed power and ecrypted data to find out the device operations and combine them with other analysis techniques to guess the secret encrypted key (Claude et al.). In order to measure the consumed power, a small resistor of 50 ohms is connected in series to ground or power. Voltage differences by the resistor will give the current as an output. Power analysis can be done with two analysis techniques; one is DPA (differential power analysis technique) and other is SPA (simple power analysis technique). Simple power analysis technique directly analyzes and measures the consumed power and can be gained from simple virtual representations (Rakesh et al.). This SPA technique can provide additional information about the operations of the encrypted devices and also can give the information of the secret key . Attackers with the SPA analysis technique uses trace method to measure the consumed power in the operation of cryptographic devices (Jean-Sebastien et al.). As simple power analysis, the technique provides the detail description of each and every stage encrypted operations, side channel attackers can easily break down the system for their unauthorized purposes. On the other hand, differential power analysis technique analyzes and evaluates the values of the system with a statistical model. Sometimes it becomes difficult to find out the private key, due to slight variations of power (Stephen et al.). Then a large number of the sample have to be collected and have to feed into the device, which is a quite time-consuming process. If the key, find out and guessed by the attackers are right, computed values will be generated as the probability 1 (Guillaume et al.). However, if the identified key is wrong, the function will differ. Current Side Channel Attacks In spite of the classic side channel attacks, some current side channel attacks have been identified which are discussed below and shown in the following figure Online Application Leakage: In this growing technology world, all the activities and operations are operated on software platforms, a huge number of applications and programs are offered by this software over the web. Theses software applications are loaded with lots of information and data for its users. As these data and information flows through a network, these work as channel side information and create a paradigm of new side channel attack (Carsten et al.). If proper security applications such as firewall web application, intrusion detection system are not deployed inside it, attackers can easily steal those confidential data and information from the system. Message Error Attack: While the operations of communication platforms and methodologies, the receiver has to send an acknowledgment to check and verify whether the message is received or not. These acknowledgment sent by the receiver from the receiver side to destination can be used by the attackers as side channel data and information to obtain these kind of attacks (Kotipalli et al.). In the case of Chipper block chaining (to offer information in an authentic manner), acknowledgement message needs to be in block form. During decryption technique, if such blocking results, then some error message will be returned and the attacker will use those errors by finding out the error status. Cache Based Attack: Cache memory is used to update and upgrade the operation speed of the network system. Data and information is stored in the cache memory; in order to fetch and extract them for operational purposes, cache memory does it by itself. But whenever, data and information are not stored inside the cache memory, it can be extracted and gained from primary memory (Fangfei et al.). It leads to unwanted delay and used as channel side information by the attackers to find out and guess the secret key. These kinds of attacks are adamant, as they are not dependent on the cipher text or plain text. Countermeasures Each of the above mentioned attacks is quite difficult to mitigate. But some classical mitigation techniques will be proposed in this section to resist these kinds of attacks from the system to some extent (Lange et al.). Name of the Side Channel Attack: Timing Attack Countermeasures: Masking Technique Main reason of the rising timing attack inside the network is the difference of time in the operation of encryption and decryption techniques. This time has to be made constant by exponentiation and multiplication operations with the addition of delays (Nicolas et al.). However, this technique can slow down the speed of the whole processing system. The masking technique combines the input value with a random value to make actual output at the receiver side (Pratiba et al.). In this case two kinds of algorithms can be adopted to proceed with the masking operations, one is algorithmic level countermeasures, and other is level architecture countermeasures (Park, Young-Ho and Nam Su Chang). Algorithmic level countermeasures help to transform the C programs inside the device so that that side channel information leakage can be avoided (Carlet et al.). On the other hand, architecture level countermeasure algorithm will help to smaller the size of the signal by creating better components with special but simple circuit techniques. Name of the Side Channel Attack: Electromagnetic Attack Countermeasures: Signal Information Reduction and Signal Strength Reduction. Electromagnetic attack and power attacks can be reduced by the same technique of timing attacks. Operational data has to make independent, and the clock cycles must be saturated for all the operations of the system so that power attack and electromagnetic radiation attack can be reduced to a larger extent. Branch and conditional statements must be avoided to resist the simple power analysis attack and timing attacks (Yinqian et al.). Noise addition can create a major impact on mitigating the power attacks or electromagnetic radiation attacks. As these power and electromagnetic radiations are generated from electronic circuitry such as transistors, resistors and they have an algorithmic level and program level to operate (Xinjie et al.). Therefore, at the transistor level, circuits and logic gates has to be built in such a way that dedicated hardware for the cryptographic operations can operate with a large area and with dedicated industrialization process. Name of the Side Channel Attack: Fault Analysis Attack Countermeasures: The entire system should be restarted again. Name of the Side Channel Attack: Power Analysis Attack Countermeasures: Reducing signal size, designing of the cryptosystem according to the hardware specifications. In order to mitigate the differential power analysis attack (DPA), the masking technique is very useful. Masking or blinding is the most useful countermeasure against the protection of DPA attack (Benger et al.). Architecture level algorithms present in the cryptographic system should be configured with high security mechanisms to overcome the side channel attacks. Therefore, theses cryptographic algorithms are set on the 8-bit chips with core design and customized frequency operations. This chip can check the credentials (PIN code) of the users with cryptographic hardware blocks (Cong et al.). A computing device called Hardware security model must be implemented inside cryptographic module that can provide strong authentication and integrity. The current side channels attacks that are described in Section 3, no such solution, has been proposed yet. Those areas are used for volatile research and researchers will propose some solutions very soon. Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that side channel attacks are the major class of cryptanalytic technique. Side channel attacks can generate from various sources and significantly affect the whole operation system and exploits their confidentiality and security. Some classical side-channel attacks like power analysis attack, timing attack, electromagnetic attack, fault message attack which steals the sensitive information of the cryptographic modules and devices. Some recent side channel attacks such as online application leakage, cache based attack, message error attack destroy the inside components of the system and tamper the confidential information present in it. These kinds of attacks target a specifically implemented system, which is very powerful and cannot mitigate easily. Therefore, these attacks which are almost present in every circuit technologies raised a greater security threats and must be considered by the adoption of proper countermeasures. From the operati onal perspectives, countermeasures of side-channel attacks can be achieved through some sound combination of countermeasures such as masking technique with the engagement of architecture level countermeasures and algorithmic level countermeasures can offer greater security over against these side channel attacks. Significant attention must be paid to fair analysis and evaluation of these security solutions, to assess properly the cryptographic devices' security with proper implementation efficiencies. Work Cited Benger, Naomi, et al. "Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit: A small amount of side channel can go a long way."Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded SystemsCHES 2014. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. 75-92. Braunstein, Samuel L., and Stefano Pirandola. "Side-channel-free quantum key distribution."Physical review letters108.13 (2012): 130502. Carlet, Claude, et al. "Analysis of the algebraic side channel attack."Journal of Cryptographic Engineering2.1 (2012): 45-62. Chen, Chien-Ying, Rakesh B. Bobba, and Sibin Mohan. "Schedule-Based Side-Channel Attack in Fixed-Priority Real-time Systems." (2015). Chen, Cong et al. "Horizontal And Vertical Side Channel Analysis Of A Mceliece Cryptosystem".IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur.(2015): 1-1. Web. Coron, Jean-Sbastien, et al. "Higher-order side channel security and mask refreshing."Fast Software Encryption. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. Crane, Stephen, et al. "Thwarting Cache Side-Channel Attacks Through Dynamic Software Diversity."NDSS. 2015. Dabosville, Guillaume, Julien Doget, and Emmanuel Prouff. "A new second-order side channel attack based on linear regression."Computers, IEEE Transactions on62.8 (2013): 1629-1640. Guo, Shize, et al. "Exploiting the incomplete diffusion feature: A specialized analytical side-channel attack against the AES and its application to microcontroller implementations."Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on9.6 (2014): 999-1014. Hund, Ralf, Carsten Willems, and Thorsten Holz. "Practical timing side channel attacks against kernel space ASLR."Security and Privacy (SP), 2013 IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 2013. Kotipalli, Siva, Yong-Bin Kim, and Minsu Choi. "Asynchronous advanced encryption standard hardware with random noise injection for improved side-channel attack resistance."Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering2014 (2014): 19. Kumar, Pardeep, and Jagdeep Kaur. "To Propose A Novel Technique to Isolate and Detect Virtual Side Channel Attack in Cloud Computing." (2015). Lange, Tanja, Kristin E Lauter, and Petr Lisoneek.Selected Areas In Cryptography - SAC 2013. Heidelberg: Springer, 2014. Print. Liu, Fangfei, et al. "Last-level cache side-channel attacks are practical."IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2015. Mohamed, Mohamed Saied Emam, et al. "Improved algebraic side-channel attack on AES."Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), 2012 IEEE International Symposium on. IEEE, 2012. Park, Young-Ho, and Nam Su Chang. "An Efficient Exponentiation Method Against Side Channel Attacks In Torus-Based-Cryptosystem".Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security and Cryptology23.3 (2013): 561-566. Web. Pratiba, D. et al. "Cache Based Side Channel Attack on AES in Cloud Computing Environment".International Journal of Computer Applications119.13 (2015): 14-17. Web. Prouff, Emmanuel, and Matthieu Rivain. "Masking against side-channel attacks: A formal security proof."Advances in CryptologyEUROCRYPT 2013. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. 142-159. Thillard, Adrian, Emmanuel Prouff, and Thomas Roche. "Success through confidence: evaluating the effectiveness of a side-channel attack."Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems-CHES 2013. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. 21-36. Veyrat-Charvillon, Nicolas, et al. "An optimal key enumeration algorithm and its application to side-channel attacks."Selected Areas in Cryptography. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. Yarom, Yuval, and Katrina Falkner. "Flush+ reload: a high resolution, low noise, L3 cache side-channel attack."23rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 14). 2014. Yarom, Yuval, and Naomi Benger. "Recovering OpenSSL ECDSA Nonces Using the FLUSH+ RELOAD Cache Side-channel Attack."IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive2014 (2014): 140. Zhang, Yinqian, et al. "Cross-tenant side-channel attacks in paas clouds."Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. ACM, 2014. Zhao, Xinjie, et al. "MDASCA: an enhanced algebraic side-channel attack for error tolerance and new leakage model exploitation."Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. 231-248. Bibliography Chari, Suresh, Josyula R. Rao, and Pankaj Rohatgi. "Template attacks."Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems-CHES 2002. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. 13-28. Dabosville, Guillaume, Julien Doget, and Emmanuel Prouff. "A new second-order side channel attack based on linear regression."Computers, IEEE Transactions on62.8 (2013): 1629-1640. Fei, Yunsi, et al. "A Statistics-based Fundamental Model for Side-channel Attack Analysis."IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive2014 (2014): 152. Izu, Tetsuya, and Tsuyoshi Takagi. "A fast parallel elliptic curve multiplication resistant against side channel attacks."Public Key Cryptography. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. Joye, Marc, and Sung-Ming Yen. "The Montgomery powering ladder."Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems-CHES 2002. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. 291-302. Page, Dan. "Theoretical use of cache memory as a cryptanalytic side-channel."IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive2002 (2002): 169. Zhao, Yi, et al. "Quantum hacking: Experimental demonstration of time-shift attack against practical quantum-key-distribution systems."Physical Review A78.4 (2008): 042333.