Monday, May 25, 2020

The Effects Of Climate Change On Development And The...

Human survival is dependent on myriad things, the first of which that come to mind are food, water and shelter. As the world has developed, the abundance of each of these has increased dramatically, especially in the developed world. However, along with this growing population and resource web has come a growing understanding of disease, and its impacts on the more-developed and less-developed parts of the world. Another effect of growing population is the concerning truth of climate change: changes in climate not only alter the environment, but can alter the range and distribution of diseases. Moreover, human population leads inherently to social networks and systems that can have significant impact on development and the spread of disease. These impacts can manifest as civil strife, or simply the unavoidable reality of proximity within a community. Lea Berrang-Ford, an Associate Professor at McGill University, has conducted numerous studies over the past approximately fifteen years that blend together the complex aspects of disease spread in general, choosing to focus mostly on African trypanosomiasis or â€Å"sleeping sickness†, and how climatic and social pressures affect the spread of disease. Her work also extends beyond her own research, into her classroom, and through her students, out into the world. Berrang-Ford earned her first degree, a BS in Environmental Geography, from the University of Guleph in 2000. She then went on to earn an MS in Environmental Change andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Earth1358 Words   |  6 PagesEurope. Climate change is classed as any alteration in global weather patterns over a period of time. However the climate change the earth is currently experiencing is far from anything ever experienced before and its 99% certain that it has been caused by human industrialisation. Like anything that affects the earth on a global scale it affects everything including microorganisms and therefore diseas e. Climate change is causing disease to spread and increase in severity. The main adverse effects causingRead MoreClimate Change Of The New Nematode Diseases And Changing The Distribution Of Existing Ones1595 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been considerable concern over the role of climate change in promoting the emergence of new nematode diseases and in changing the distribution of existing ones. As the global warming increases, pests and diseases from low latitude regions, where they are much more prevalent may be introduced at higher latitudes. Recent developments in experimental and modeling techniques facilitate climate change impact assessment on nematode diseases. Pine wood nematode, bBursaphelenchus xylophilus, severityRead MoreIrish Famine Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesagent, Phytophthora sojae (Anon., 2016e). e) Macrophomina: It has a very wide host distribution covering most of the tropics and subtropics, extending well into temperate zones (Songa 1995). f) Fusarium: The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum cause disease to a wide variety of hosts of any age. Tomato, tobacco, legumes, cucurbits, sweet potatoes and banana are a few of the most susceptible plants to this pathogen. g) Verticillium: Many economically important plants are susceptible including cotton,Read MoreMajor Features Of Modern Society1562 Words   |  7 PagesB: New Diseases There are currently many features of modern society that increase ours risk for the development and spread of new infectious diseases, these include such diseases as lymes Disease, West Nile Virus, Staph. Aures (MRSA) and many other new and remerging infectious diseases. In modern society the main issues that are faced include such things as the density of the population, the increased resistance to current antibiotics and antibacterial agent, changing biodiversity, climate changeRead MoreDengue Fever And Dengue Syndrome968 Words   |  4 PagesDengue is a type of vector-borne viral disease, transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue has four antigenically different virus stereotypes (DENV 1-4), (though there was a report in 2013 that identified a fifth stereotype) (Guzman Harris, 2015) (Dengue, 2016) (Normile, 2013). It is estimated that there are 50 million new cases of dengue fever each year worldwide. A portion of these cases can develop into sever infections, namely dengue he morrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, these severRead MoreClimate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And Adaptation For Sustainable Future1646 Words   |  7 PagesCLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Anupam Kumar Singh Department of African Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi (India). 1. Introduction India with its area of 3.28 million sq. km accounts for 2.4% of the world’s land surface area and stands as the seventh largest country in the world. India is second most populous country in the world with above 1.3 billion which containing 17.5% of world population. The size and populationRead MoreClimate Change in Peru Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesdire situation for Peru in terms of climate change and the effects it has on each individual system as well as the effects on wildlife and human occupants that live in these regions. In Peru, the climate changes that have been taking place have led to several disastrous outcomes that include not only draught, but have also led to depletion of the Amazon Rain Forest, an increase in disease, extreme temperature changes, glacial ablation, extreme weather, and changes in the nations oceans which are homeRead MoreEnergy, Agriculture, And Livestock1650 Words   |  7 Pages but climate friendly practices for development. Anyway, with the global average of emissions per capita of 7,58MtCO2eq, IGAD countries are among the lowest GHG emitters. On the other hand, the sources of emission are being studied in order to focus on some activities or sectors for implementing mitigation measures in an efficient way. In general, the main sources of emission in IGAD are: Energy, Agriculture and livestock; Transport; Industry including Mining; and Land Use, Land Use Change and ForestryRead MoreClimate Change Is The State Of New York920 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is a significant problem all around world for all species alike but one state that faces great possible endangerment of it is the state of New York. 1 Climate change by definition is the a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels There can be many causes and outcomes of climate change due toRead MoreCoral Reefs : A Major Role Of Marine Ecosystems1582 Words   |  7 Pagesreefs face various concerns because of climate changes, and so it has been seen that coral blanching frequently causes the termination of reefs. In conjunction with environmental change, there are different elements that corals reefs confront regularly. Generally, few coral reefs suffer through infection, intrusive species and even an over development of algae. Different corals definitely close Florida, have demonstrated a real decrease in coral development generally due to herbivory. Contrary to

Monday, May 18, 2020

Essay Writing - 7014 Words

Important things to look out for in narrative essay writing I am assuming that the student is able to construct basic sentence and grammar structure (past amp; present tense etc.). If the student is unable to do so, he/she is in no condition to attempt essay writing. Please sign the student for basic language/ grammar classes instead. There is a limit to how much advice I can offer via text. So I will just offer two key points. 1. ESSAY FLOW 2. CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS / FEELINGS * 1. Essay Flow Essay flow means no break in the story plot. A disjointed narrative threatens a fiction essay, and as a side note, absolutely fatal in GP essays (Immediate failure). Common e.g (pri sch level): Annie was walking back home from school.†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, that’s half the battle won. The way you teach is crucial. The tricks are constant repetition for internalization and essay question standardization (there are other methods too, but it will probably kill me to list all). That sounds highly loaded, but I assure you it is pretty simple. * Constant repetition * Basically, by the tenth lesson, you should be repeating concepts taught for the past nine lessons before embarking on the tenth lesson plan. Same applies to vocabulary, with an ever lengthening vocab spelling list for every lesson. * Essay question standardization * During the initial months, ensure that your child practices with only a couple of essay questions. If your child chooses a picture composition of the cat stuck in the tree and an open-ended essay on a surprise birthday party, do ensure that your child only practices those essay questions repeatedly during the initial months. This is so that your child has a basis for comparison (IMPT). It is essentially a before and after comparison. Simple example: 1st essay lesson: Allowing your child to write her first essay Annie was walking back home from school. Suddenly, she saw a cat stuck in the tree. 2nd essay lesson: Teaching her essay flow, employing 5Ws and 1H technique Annie was walking home from school. Suddenly, she heard a loud meowing coming from the trees. Upon closer look, Annie found aShow MoreRelatedThe Writing Of Writing Essays1266 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that I was already a really good writer. However, I have struggled with the thought of writing. Ever since I was little, I dreaded the thought of writing essays, but when it came down to get the job done I never struggled and always earned good grades. Up until around half way though this semester I still had this fear. I am thankful that this class has made me overcome the fear and thought of writing essays, even though when it was actually time for me to write them I did just fine. ThroughoutRead MoreWriting A Writing An Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesWriting an essay has always been a difficult and tedious task in my opinion. The writing process I followed when creating the original assignment consisted of research, a rough draft, a small amount of editing, and a final draft. Re searching the topic was the first step I took in writing my paper. I searched for credible and useful information that would have a positive effect on my essay. After gathering my information, I worked to create an outline that would assist in the organization and structureRead MoreWriting An Argumentative Essay - Writing801 Words   |  4 PagesDuring this course I have learned there is in fact a great deal to writing. Throughout my lifetime I have had to write numerous amounts of essays and papers for various subjects, all requiring different styles and techniques. Before engulfing myself into the writing process I would try and think of whom I am writing to and what I am writing about. I always just assumed I was writing for my audience, that being my teacher. Writing an argumentative research paper is something I had yet to accomplishRead MoreWriting and Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pages4 Steps to an Effective Scholarship Essay Typically speaking, the scholarship essays which students turn in are, well, to put it mildly, not that good. Im going to generalize, but you should know this. Theyre typically boring, underdeveloped without sufficient details, and very unpersuasive. Remember, the scholarship essay is a piece of persuasion. The people reviewing your essay will be going through a bunch of applications, and you need to distinguish yourself. You need to make the reader careRead MoreWriting A Literary Essay - Original Writing861 Words   |  4 PagesWriting has always been alien to me, I have always struggled putting my thoughts down on paper. While my childhood friends had diaries, I could not fathom why anyone would need one. The idea of putting your thoughts down on a piece of paper did not resonate with me, although I have always had a passion for reading, and found reading when I was a child a great way to get away without going anywhere. I have always been jealous of those that can put pen to pape r and write as if it was second natureRead MoreReflective Essay Writing708 Words   |  3 PagesImagine writing a ten-page essay on something you feel very strongly about, then being told you have to reduce the size of your essay to only two pages. While this may seem like an easy task, I have learned from experience that while writing is difficult, taking away from my writing is much more complicated. I have spent hours writing, my brain is tired, but I read my completed project, and am proud of what I have accomplished. Then, out of nowhere, I realize that I am only allowed two pages outRead More The Skill of Writing Essay677 Words   |  3 PagesSkill of Writing Writing and reading are two essential skills that we need to have in order to succeed in any field of study that we have chosen. Without these two we would not be here, wouldn’t be writing right now and would be considered the lowest class of our society. There are different aspects of writing that each of us may, or may not, excel at. Some of us are creative enough to write short stories or even novels on fiction while others, like me, are better at writing essays. To accomplishRead MoreHome And Writing Resources And Strategies For Essay Writing1241 Words   |  5 Pagesto main content Writing Project Writing Program NEWSTUTORINGRESOURCESBLOGSTAFF HOME / WRITING RESOURCES / STRATEGIES FOR ESSAY WRITING / Essay Structure Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument. Because essays are essentially linear—they offer one idea at a time—they must present their ideas in the order that makes most sense to a reader. Successfully structuring an essay means attending to a reader s logic. The focus of such an essay predicts its structureRead More Writing the Academic Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesWriting the Academic Essay For many high school students, the academic essay is an unforgiving monster that terrorizes their campus, a nightmarish beast that can rip the heart out of G.P.A.s and dash all hopes for college admission. Yet, others tame this friend with ease, bending its cruel will to theirs as if it was nothing, as if they possessed a secret weapon. Well, guess what? They do! Successful essayists succeed because they are armed with the exact knowledge of what an essay isRead MoreEssay on The Audience and Writing1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Audience and Writing Audience. Just one word yet it stirs frighteningly confusing images of perplexing thoughts in my mind. The word alone is strange, but when put in context of an essay it leaves me baffled and frustrated[d1] . The questions; â€Å"What is Audience?† â€Å"Why do I need it?† and, â€Å"What purpose does it serve?† are important to my finally some day understanding the concept of Audience, but at this point I can’t answer them fully[d2] . I can grasp the understanding of all

Thursday, May 14, 2020

The Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific...

The Scientific Revolution was a period when new scientific ideas where introduced into society. The Scientific Revolution laid down a foundation in which modern science is heavily based on. An influential figure of the Scientific Revolution is Sir Isaac Newton. He made many advancements in the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affected the scientific community during the Scientific Revolution and still affect society today, he recognized the three laws of motion, discovered gravity, and co-developed calculus. The scientific revolution was a time of inquisition, discovery, and†¦show more content†¦One of the most well known is, â€Å"To every action there is always an opposed and equal reaction†.2 These three basic theories are the most widely known theories that Newton proposed. The development of these theories founded w hat is now modern physics. These theories also gained Newton attention and credibility in the scientific community, which further helped spread his accomplishments. The discovery of these laws, laid down a basic foundation for the physics of motion. Newtons three laws of gravity changed the way in which the world was perceived, because of their accuracy in describing many unexplained phenomenons.3 They explained what happens as a result of different variables, but most importantly, they explained why and how these actions happen. Like many of Isaac Newtons ideas and theories, the three laws of motion had a profound impact on the scientific community. The three laws of motions provided an explanation for almost everything in macro physics. Macro Physics is the branch of physics that deals with physical objects large enough to be observed and treated directly.4 This allowed for many new advancements in physics because the foundation had been build for others to develop upon. I saac Newton published these findings in his revolutionary book â€Å"The Principa†. The Principa was revolutionary book because it organized the bulk of his life’s work, More importantly theShow MoreRelatedSir Isaac Newton And The Scientific Revolution967 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals made substantial contributions to that time, there is one man who stands above the rest for his impact on the knowledge of the Europe of the Scientific Revolution and the subsequent Enlightenment. Sir Isaac Newton had the greatest impact on this portion of European history through his discoveries built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo, the use of his work as a catalyst and foundation for other movements, and the unity of his work with his faith. Isaac Newton is quoted as having said,Read MoreBritish Politics During The Lifetime Of Newton1069 Words   |  5 Pagesa. What were British politics during the lifetime of Newton? Before Isaac Newton was born, King Charles I was driven out of London by mobs and had to seek refuge in Nottingham, which was just a few miles away from Woolsthorpe, Newton’s soon-to-be hometown (Guillen, 1995, p. 13). While King Charles I was there, he declared war over who/what was going to govern England—Parliament or the royal sovereign (Gullien, 1995, p.13). However, this war was more like a war between â€Å"heaven and earth† becauseRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution Of Western Civilizations954 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the seventeenth century, the scientific revolution in Europe was at its peak, changing people’s lives through the new techniques of the scientific method. Citizens of western civilizations had previously used religion as the lens through which they perceived their beliefs and customs in their communities. Before the scientific revolution, science and religion were intertwined, and people were taught to accept religious laws and doc trines without questioning; the Church was the ultimate authorityRead More Sir Isaac Newtons Role in the Enlightenment Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages Isaac Newton had a huge impact on the Enlightenment, he influenced it scientifically in many ways and he influenced faith and reason in a tremendous way. He was known more for his scientific achievements then his religious works.His background and education affected when he made these great achievements. Isaac Newton born on December 25,1642 in Woolsthorpe, England grew up, he was the most important physicist and mathematician of all time.1 Newton attended Cambridge where he studied mathematicsRead MoreTime And Date Of Birth790 Words   |  4 Pagesborn on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England (Isaac Newton.). and (Isaac Newton, reluctant genius.). This was no ordinary being as he would change the world and our perception of the universe forever. Isaac was his name, and he was an English-born physicist and mathematician (Isa ac Newton.). Living Conditions He was the only son of a yeoman farmer, who’s name was also Isaac Newton, that sadly died three months before he was born (Isaac Newton.). â€Å"The small baby was very tiny and weak and wasRead MoreSir Isaac Newton: An Important Figure in Scientific History1131 Words   |  5 PagesSir Isaac Newton History has been characterized by important discoveries made by the worlds scientists. These men and women are responsible for everything that has led humanity from the cave-dwelling Neanderthals of ancient times to the position that they hold today. Scientists are responsible for the wheel, for fire, for tools, for every single thing that people have come to accept as a part of existence. Without scientific investigation, people could not progress and society as a whole wouldRead MoreWhat Is Science and Where Did It Come From?928 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is science and where did it come from? The study of science came before the scientific revolution got to begin. The scientific revolution began in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The revolution was accomplished by developing the medieval roots of science of the classical age of Greece and Rome. Throughout the scientific revolution, the medieval scientific philosophy was abandoned in favor and improved methods proposed by d ifferent men. Finally, we are introduced to scientists of mathematiciansRead MoreThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1873 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract: Isaac Newton was the most influential figure of the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution brought attention to many figures, Copernicus and Galileo, but Newton is the scientist with most influential changes that that have changed how we think. His research and discovery of gravitation formula led to the scientific method. While that was his most famous discovery, he also had many findings in the mathematical field. Newton changed the way we think and his discovery on gravityRead MoreThe Achievements Of Isaac Newton1368 Words   |  6 Pagesminds that have contributed to shaping the scientific life that we live in today. One of the most influential scientists would be that of Sir Isaac Newton. Newton was a prominent philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and scientist during the 17th century. The acco mplishments completed within his life helped in contributing and shaping the fact that he was one of the single-most influential scientists of his time. On January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in the Woolsthorpe, LincolnshireRead MoreScientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1548 Words   |  7 PagesScientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution refers to a time in history when developments in the sciences took off and changed the view of society regarding the earth and nature. Some of the relevant topics of this time were mathematics, astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry. Typically, the scientific revolution is considered the time in Europe starting around the end of the Renaissance period and lasting through the late 18th century. Between 1543 and 1700, Europe underwent many changes

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Neoliberalism Is A Political Project For Restore Class Power

Neoliberalism has a tendency to increase social inequality and this tendency is no accident. The rich thorough military force political maneuvering and the construction of mass consent decimate social infrastructure and break trade unions and social movements in order to cement class power. Proof that neoliberalism is more about class power than economic efficiency can be found in the numbers. The global picture looks, at least on the surface, to be very bleak. The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income . Income inequality increased by 32% between 1960 and 2005 in the UK and in the US it increased by 23% . Neoliberal governance often departs from the theoretical template, providing further proof for Harvey’s thesis that neoliberalism is a political project to restore class power. These pragmatic departures prove very beneficial to the rich and in turn result in increased inequality and poverty. Harvey argues that neoliberal governance has two fundamental biases which show how favouring class power trumps the theoretical framework. Firstly, in practice neoliberal governance always favours fostering ‘good investment’ over ‘good business. Second, neoliberal states ‘typically favour the integrity of the financial system and the solvency of financial institutions over the well-being of the population or environmental quality’ . The reliance neoliberalism places onShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1387 Words   |  6 Pagescountry to country, the foundation among all the states was to rebuild the region through multipolarity and solidarity. Since the implementation of neoliberal economic policies in the 1980s, many Latin American countries were experiencing social, political, and economic crises, leftist movements and parties began rising to challenge the new order. The Pink Tide began in 1998 when Hugo Chavez was elected president in Venezuela. This paved the way for other leftist groups to gain momentum throughoutRead MoreEmerging From The Global Recession Of 1973-19752054 Words   |  9 PagesEmerging from the global recession of 1973-1975, the resulting surge of neoliberalism transformed the global economy into a secularized faith that draws on anxiety and responsibility for sustenance. Debt answers to anxiety and allows for a greater participation in the economy, subsequently, debtors become shackled to their indebtedness, which evolves into a continuous moral burden. The relationship between credit and debt has developed into a necessary technique of govern ­ment under neoliberal regimesRead MoreRadical Social Work and Social Action4276 Words   |  18 Pageshappiness, but there are rules for radicals who want to change their world†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Saul D. Alinsky, 1971. Above statement has the key to change the existing Indian society. In India, different social movements are going on against the politics of neoliberalism. This paper examines the difference between radical social work and social movements. This paper also reflects upon the ongoing movements and also criticizes social work practice. Managerial perspective to social distress created as a result ofRead MoreYasuni Itt7226 Words   |  29 Pagespublished in New Society Magazine No.237, January-February 2012, ISSN 0251-3552, www.nuso.org A major transition for a great transformation Reflections from the Yasunà ­-ITT Initiative Renà © Ramà ­rez Gallegos1 When discussing the development of a political project from the Left there are two opposing positions or aspects: those which promote the idea of better managing and regulating capitalism – that is, striving for â€Å"good capitalism† – and those who hold anticapitalist positions. The author of this articleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral SocietiesRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesaccounting. In the recent past, management accounting has not only seen changes within existing domains of the Weld but has also witnessed extensions outside its established realms of activity. Wider systemic transformations including changes in political regimes, novel conceptions of management controls, the impact of globalizing forces on commercial aVairs, shifts in notions of eVective knowledge management, governance, and ethics, and technological advances, including the rise of broadband, have

Ordinary Objects Become Meaningful Lacoste Challenge...

The organizational process behind making ads is complicated. Many things can be discovered when you look into the deeper meanings behind an advertisement. The advertisement that I chose to interpret through semiotic analysis came from Vogue Magazine, advertising the new Lactose perfume for men called Lacoste Challenge. This is a very recent ad, made to advertise this new fragrance for men, and it features celebrity actor Hayden Christensen as the new model for the promotion of this new perfume. This ad is pretty straight forward and general, but what else is missing? What other details were included in the development of this ad that makes it so effective to consumers? Through this semiotic analysis, the study of signs, I’m going to take a†¦show more content†¦The overall image has a very soft appeal, because the outlines of the man and the objects in the picture are slightly blurred. These are the images that we see when we take a first glance of the ad. These thing s are what people see first and recognise, as everyday items they are familiar with. Secondly, we’ll cover the connotative level of the advertisement, which is where we decode the deeper meanings behind the images in the ad, and interpret them in order to discover the meanings that are less obvious to the consumer. First is brand name that they have on the perfume Lacoste. Lacoste is a well known name, which in itself sounds expensive. It is a French name and the French are usually classified as high society people. The sell high end clothing and accessories for men widely know for the popular and stylish tennis and collared golf shirts. The animal used as a part of their logo is a green crocodile derived from the nick-name of a tennis player whose name was Lacoste. The male in the ad is celebrity actor and model Hayden Christensen. He is also wearing Lacoste apparel further advertising the brand. He is quite famous, and is easily recognized through his roles in various movi es. The ad also points this out in the bottom left hand corner just under his picture, to point that out to people who recognize the face, but can’t remember the name. By associating Hayden Christensen with Lacoste perfume it associates it with being an object of masculinity, celebrityShow MoreRelatedBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagescompetition is at center stage, driven by the power of strong retailers, value-sensitive customers, reduced category growth, and overcapacity (often caused by new entrants and by old competitors hanging on, sometimes via bankruptcy). Retailers have become stronger year by year, and they have used that strength to put pressure on prices. Whereas a decade ago, the manufacturer largely controlled information, retailers are now collecting vast amounts of information and developing models to use it. AsRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagescontrol to produce superior marketing performance âž ¡ To give full recognition to the problems of implementation and how these problems might be overcome. Since the appearance of the first edition in 1992, the marketing environment – and therefore the challenges facing marketing planners and strategists – have changed in a variety of often dramatic ways. Amongst some of the most significant of these changes has been the emergence of what within this book we refer to as ‘the new consumer’ and ‘the new competition’

That Teenager on TV free essay sample

WhenI was little, I wanted to be the teenager I saw on TV. I wanted to be the typicalteen suffering under the iron-fisted rule of his parents, forced to complete hisdaily chores. I was seven when my father bought my mother an upright piano, and Isaw my opportunity to leap into that average world. To be as cool as thekids I saw on TV, I had to find some chore to complain about. When I asked mymother if I could take piano lessons, she demanded commitment: I would eithercontinue playing until I left for college, or be thrown out of the house. She washalf kidding, but I took her seriously. I was one of the few (if not the only)kids in the neighborhood who decided for himself to study the piano. Asthe days passed, I was forced to turn down dates with friends. Why? With a rollof my eyes Id explain, I have to practice the piano. We will write a custom essay sample on That Teenager on TV or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It felt great -almost like a teenager. Then, I shocked myself by actually findingsatisfaction in playing. Progressing through Bachs two-part inventions, Ifound both a challenge and a means of relaxation. It reached the point that whilemost days I still practiced to keep the warden happy, some days I would just sitdown for hours to perfect a piece. Other instruments the recorder and thesaxophone came and went at the will of my school music teacher. They wereforced on me, so I had no real interest in them and let them go. I continued withthe piano as the years passed, and fewer friends continued their musiclessons. Years later, my musical interest grew to include the guitar, andeventually I started my own disk-jockey business. The satisfaction I get fromcreating and manipulating music is far greater than the sacrifices of time spentpracticing and money invested in buying instruments and equipment. Im sure thatmany people do not continue studying because of a bad experience. If youreforced, your only desire will be to stop. This is true with anything. Careers,for example, should reflect a love of the field and natural ability. Ask ateacher why he or she teaches, and you will almost always hear: I just loveto teach. I have learned from my piano that if you make a willful decisionto do something, and love doing it, you will succeed. Although my initial planfailed Im not that teenager on television I have something I love doing, soI think Ill be able to live with myself.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Side Channel Attack

Question: Discuss about the report for Side Channel Attack? Answer: Introduction Side channel attack is based on side information and which are retrieved from encryption devices where information is coded in an abstract manner (Benger et al.). In computer and communication system, security is a major concern. In the past, encryption devices receive plain text as input and generate ciphertext as output (Carlet et al.). At that stage, attacks occurred either knowing the plaintext or knowing the ciphertext or both. Now a day, these encryption devices have additional input with additional output, and those are not in the form of plain text or ciphertext. These encrypted devices also produce timing information, power consumption statistics, and many more things. Side channel attacks use these data and information with other cryptanalytic techniques (Braunstein, Samuel and Stefano Pirandola). A cryptographic algorithm with public key ciphers, hash functions, and symmetric chippers form building block to construct and implement security mechanism in the network channels. However, some side channel attacks sometimes also called physical attack tries to modify the secret parameters involved in the cryptographic devices. In order to keep these devices secure, some major countermeasures will be discussed in the following sections. Side Channel Attack Side channel attack is considered as a form of reverse engineering, where changes in the processing behavior are monitored and examined, on a regular basis during the execution and operations of the cryptographic algorithm (Carlet et al.). The Cryptographic primitive is viewed as an abstract object that is transferred some input to some outputs by using a parameterized key. On the other hand, this cryptographic primitive sometimes implemented inside a program this will run on a processor to present some specific characteristics (Chen et al.). First consideration is viewed as classical cryptanalysis and the second one is called physical security. Physical attacks or side channel attacks are numerous and considered by the cryptographic device manufacturers very seriously (Coron et al.). Some of these side channel attack types are described in the following sections NonInvasive vs. Invasive: Noninvasive attack damages the information which is externally available such as power consumptions and running time (Crane et al.). On the other hand, invasive attacks depackage the chip and tries to access the internal information and data of the inside components (Dabosville et al.). An example of this attack is to see the occurrences of data transfers; wire can be connected to a data bus. Passive vs. Active: Active attacks modify the devices functioning like fault indication attack tries to add errors in the computation programs and processes (Guo et al.). Conversely, passive attacks is not so harmful, it just observes the behaviors of the cryptographic devices while their processing, but do not change them. The above side channel attacks are trying to damage and steal the physical leakage information such as electromagnetic radiation, timing information, and power consumption. As they are passive, non invasive and can be performed by cheap devices, lead to greater security threats for most of the cryptographic hardware devices (Hund et al.). These devices are ranged from smart cards to small computers, and radio frequency identification devices. Side Channel Attacks- Models While assessing the security of cryptographic module in the traditional cryptanalysis model, it has been assumed that the opponent party almost has all the knowledge about the protocol and all its public keys (Kotipalli et al.). Moreover that, the adversary may also have some intercepted data which can be engaged with valid participants and have the control over the nature of the data. Then the adversary will try to exploit the designs in the network protocol. In this case, mathematical abstraction tool cam is used as a cryptographic primitive to evaluate the security of the devices by considering them as mathematical functions (Kumar, Pardeep and Jagdeep Kaur). Secure cryptographic algorithm offers security against the unauthorized users who only have the access to the confidential information of the authorized users. However, this is not sufficient and adequate to protect cryptographic devices from these kinds of side channel attacks (Liu et al.). By monitoring the current scenario of physical attacks or side channel attacks, researchers have discovered that these kinds of attacks exploit the properties of the devices, modify the characteristics of the network and operating system. Therefore, it becomes so easy to utilize the leaked information for unauthorized activities (Braunstein, Samuel and Stefano Pirandola). In a recent case, it has been seen that adversary of the traditional security model can see the electromagnetic radiation or power consumed by smart card while it performs signature generation and decryption operation with public keys (Mohamed et al.). Te opponent party also can measure the operation time of the cryptographic operation and analyze its behaviors whenever errors are occurred (Prouff, Emmanuel and Matthieu Rivain). Therefore, side channel information can be easily gathered, so that proper security model must be used. Classic Side Channel Attacks Timing Attack: This attack is defined as the total time required for the performance of cryptographic operations. As these execution operations have conditional branching statements and unnecessary statements, operation time varies with inputs of the cryptographic devices (Veyrat-Charvillon et al.). Side channel attackers use these differences to make exact and proper identification of the encryption key. Time sample is gathered with inputs, and those samples are applied into the statistical model. This model helps to obtain the behaviors of the devices and keys used inside it (Yarom, Yuval and Katrina Falkner). By measuring the total required time, attackers easily find out and guess the behaviors of the fixed components and damage and modify other components and cryptosystems. Electromagnetic Attack: Electric current always carried out an electromagnetic field with it. This carried electromagnetic field includes some crucial and additional information such as time, the amount of consumed power, etc. If all these information and data can be collected and measured out; a side-channel attacker easily enters into the system and exploits the whole security system to find out the secret key (Yarom, Yuval and Naomi Benger). Electromagnetic attackers use this confidential information as side channel data and leads to EM attack inside the system. Radiations from these electromagnetic fields can be of two kinds; one is intentional, and other one is unintentional (Zhang et al.). Side channel attack explores and occurs due to unintentional radiations which help to find out and guess the secret encryption key of the cryptographic device. Fault Analysis Attack: It is dependent on the errors and faults cretaed by the cryptographic modules and devices either naturally or intentionally. The faulty outputs which are generated from these devices are the side channel information of faulty analysis attack (Zhao et. al.). The main two reasons behind these kinds of faults are computational faults while the operation of cryptographic computation and when the corrupted input is applied into the module or device to generate false outputs. Side channel attackers can achieve these successfully by two steps. In the first step, faults are injected into the device, where the time of injection is the primary concern (Naomi et al.). In the second step, attackers exploit these faults and analyze them to find out the secret private key. Through these stages, attackers can almost break each and every cryptographic algorithm of the system. Power Analysis Attack: Almost every cryptographic device needs external and additional power to process and operate. This kind of power analysis attack damages the relationship between consumed power and ecrypted data to find out the device operations and combine them with other analysis techniques to guess the secret encrypted key (Claude et al.). In order to measure the consumed power, a small resistor of 50 ohms is connected in series to ground or power. Voltage differences by the resistor will give the current as an output. Power analysis can be done with two analysis techniques; one is DPA (differential power analysis technique) and other is SPA (simple power analysis technique). Simple power analysis technique directly analyzes and measures the consumed power and can be gained from simple virtual representations (Rakesh et al.). This SPA technique can provide additional information about the operations of the encrypted devices and also can give the information of the secret key . Attackers with the SPA analysis technique uses trace method to measure the consumed power in the operation of cryptographic devices (Jean-Sebastien et al.). As simple power analysis, the technique provides the detail description of each and every stage encrypted operations, side channel attackers can easily break down the system for their unauthorized purposes. On the other hand, differential power analysis technique analyzes and evaluates the values of the system with a statistical model. Sometimes it becomes difficult to find out the private key, due to slight variations of power (Stephen et al.). Then a large number of the sample have to be collected and have to feed into the device, which is a quite time-consuming process. If the key, find out and guessed by the attackers are right, computed values will be generated as the probability 1 (Guillaume et al.). However, if the identified key is wrong, the function will differ. Current Side Channel Attacks In spite of the classic side channel attacks, some current side channel attacks have been identified which are discussed below and shown in the following figure Online Application Leakage: In this growing technology world, all the activities and operations are operated on software platforms, a huge number of applications and programs are offered by this software over the web. Theses software applications are loaded with lots of information and data for its users. As these data and information flows through a network, these work as channel side information and create a paradigm of new side channel attack (Carsten et al.). If proper security applications such as firewall web application, intrusion detection system are not deployed inside it, attackers can easily steal those confidential data and information from the system. Message Error Attack: While the operations of communication platforms and methodologies, the receiver has to send an acknowledgment to check and verify whether the message is received or not. These acknowledgment sent by the receiver from the receiver side to destination can be used by the attackers as side channel data and information to obtain these kind of attacks (Kotipalli et al.). In the case of Chipper block chaining (to offer information in an authentic manner), acknowledgement message needs to be in block form. During decryption technique, if such blocking results, then some error message will be returned and the attacker will use those errors by finding out the error status. Cache Based Attack: Cache memory is used to update and upgrade the operation speed of the network system. Data and information is stored in the cache memory; in order to fetch and extract them for operational purposes, cache memory does it by itself. But whenever, data and information are not stored inside the cache memory, it can be extracted and gained from primary memory (Fangfei et al.). It leads to unwanted delay and used as channel side information by the attackers to find out and guess the secret key. These kinds of attacks are adamant, as they are not dependent on the cipher text or plain text. Countermeasures Each of the above mentioned attacks is quite difficult to mitigate. But some classical mitigation techniques will be proposed in this section to resist these kinds of attacks from the system to some extent (Lange et al.). Name of the Side Channel Attack: Timing Attack Countermeasures: Masking Technique Main reason of the rising timing attack inside the network is the difference of time in the operation of encryption and decryption techniques. This time has to be made constant by exponentiation and multiplication operations with the addition of delays (Nicolas et al.). However, this technique can slow down the speed of the whole processing system. The masking technique combines the input value with a random value to make actual output at the receiver side (Pratiba et al.). In this case two kinds of algorithms can be adopted to proceed with the masking operations, one is algorithmic level countermeasures, and other is level architecture countermeasures (Park, Young-Ho and Nam Su Chang). Algorithmic level countermeasures help to transform the C programs inside the device so that that side channel information leakage can be avoided (Carlet et al.). On the other hand, architecture level countermeasure algorithm will help to smaller the size of the signal by creating better components with special but simple circuit techniques. Name of the Side Channel Attack: Electromagnetic Attack Countermeasures: Signal Information Reduction and Signal Strength Reduction. Electromagnetic attack and power attacks can be reduced by the same technique of timing attacks. Operational data has to make independent, and the clock cycles must be saturated for all the operations of the system so that power attack and electromagnetic radiation attack can be reduced to a larger extent. Branch and conditional statements must be avoided to resist the simple power analysis attack and timing attacks (Yinqian et al.). Noise addition can create a major impact on mitigating the power attacks or electromagnetic radiation attacks. As these power and electromagnetic radiations are generated from electronic circuitry such as transistors, resistors and they have an algorithmic level and program level to operate (Xinjie et al.). Therefore, at the transistor level, circuits and logic gates has to be built in such a way that dedicated hardware for the cryptographic operations can operate with a large area and with dedicated industrialization process. Name of the Side Channel Attack: Fault Analysis Attack Countermeasures: The entire system should be restarted again. Name of the Side Channel Attack: Power Analysis Attack Countermeasures: Reducing signal size, designing of the cryptosystem according to the hardware specifications. In order to mitigate the differential power analysis attack (DPA), the masking technique is very useful. Masking or blinding is the most useful countermeasure against the protection of DPA attack (Benger et al.). Architecture level algorithms present in the cryptographic system should be configured with high security mechanisms to overcome the side channel attacks. Therefore, theses cryptographic algorithms are set on the 8-bit chips with core design and customized frequency operations. This chip can check the credentials (PIN code) of the users with cryptographic hardware blocks (Cong et al.). A computing device called Hardware security model must be implemented inside cryptographic module that can provide strong authentication and integrity. The current side channels attacks that are described in Section 3, no such solution, has been proposed yet. Those areas are used for volatile research and researchers will propose some solutions very soon. Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that side channel attacks are the major class of cryptanalytic technique. Side channel attacks can generate from various sources and significantly affect the whole operation system and exploits their confidentiality and security. Some classical side-channel attacks like power analysis attack, timing attack, electromagnetic attack, fault message attack which steals the sensitive information of the cryptographic modules and devices. Some recent side channel attacks such as online application leakage, cache based attack, message error attack destroy the inside components of the system and tamper the confidential information present in it. 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